Alignment, interpretability, red-teaming, bias and privacy: the research on what these systems do when they misbehave.
Existing defenses are effective when harmful content is explicitly mixed into downstream fine-tuning data, but crafted samples can instead hide harmful supervision inside benign tasks. We propose Embedded Attack, where harmful QA pairs are embedded within benign training samples, and show that representative guardrails often fail to detect them at the example level.
High benchmark accuracy does not guarantee genuine use of visual evidence. We study this problem in traffic accident Video Question Answering (VideoQA), where correct answers should depend on scene-specific visual evidence but may instead be inferred from textual shortcuts.
Wrist-worn photoplethysmography (PPG) enables continuous monitoring of cardiopulmonary physiology, but reliable heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) estimation in free-living conditions remains challenging due to non-stationary motion artifacts that spectrally overlap with physiological dynamics. Existing signal-processing methods degrade under strong motion, while unconstrained deep learning approaches often lack physiological interpretability and identifiable structure.
While Text-to-Image (T2I) models have shown remarkable success in generating photorealistic visual content, they still struggle with the rigorous semantic alignment and logical reasoning required for scientific imagery. Inspired by Peirce's Semiotic Triad, we introduce Scientific Image Reasoning (SciIR), a comprehensive resource for training and evaluation of scientific image generation.
Automatic evaluation of image and video captioning is essential for benchmarking multimodal systems, although standard evaluation metrics show limited alignment with human judgments. Recent approaches using large language models (LLMs), commonly referred to as LLM-as-a-Judge, have improved alignment with human judgments but still suffer from a mismatch between large-vocabulary language modeling and evaluation over a small label set.
Score distillation turns a pretrained 2D diffusion model into a 3D generator, but the per-step gradient is estimated from a single randomly chosen view: it is high-variance and blind to global shape consistency. Prior work addresses this by retraining the diffusion prior on multi-view data; this improves consistency but makes the sampling contribution inseparable from prior quality.
As deep learning models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes applications, providing well-calibrated uncertainty estimates has become as critical as achieving high predictive accuracy. While Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) has emerged as a smooth and continuous alternative to traditional binning for quantifying miscalibration, its reliability is heavily dependent on the choice of the kernel bandwidth.
Personality recognition in asynchronous video interviews (AVIs) has become increasingly important due to their widespread adoption in modern recruitment. Existing approaches often rely on large language models (LLMs) to analyze textual responses of interviewees in AVI.
Knowledge distillation (KD) is a key technique for compressing Large Language Models (LLMs), yet methods relying on a single KL objective often fail to balance primary distribution fitting with long-tail probability modeling, limiting both generation quality and generalization. To address this, we analyze the complementary roles of forward and reverse KL divergence (FKL/RKL) in distribution alignment from theoretical and empirical perspectives.
Continual learning (CL), where a model is trained on a sequence of data tasks, is increasingly being adopted across key fields such as large language models and image recognition, yet it remains highly vulnerable to data poisoning that triggers learning divergence or severe excess risk. Despite these threats, a principled theoretical foundation in CL for understanding attack and defense remains lacking.
Dataset distillation (DD) condenses large corpora into compact, information-rich subsets for efficient training and reuse. However, under noisy supervision, DD risks condensing corrupted associations together with useful signals, degrading robustness.
Machine unlearning aims to eliminate the influence of specific data from trained models to safeguard privacy. However, this presents a significant challenge in the context of continual learning (CL), where models update sequentially on dynamic datasets.
Demand for personalized financial advising is growing, but consistent advisor expertise is difficult to obtain, scale, and encode in LLM systems. Simple persona prompts rarely specify how a financial advisor should reason and often drift toward generic recommendations.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the gold standard for molecular structure elucidation, yet interpreting complex spectra for unknown molecules remains a bottleneck reliant on human expertise. While artificial intelligence has advanced this field, current methods face a critical trade-off: database retrieval cannot identify novel scaffolds, while de novo molecular structure elucidation models operate as black boxes, lacking the atom-level interpretability required for rigorous scientific validation.
arXiv:2606. 26519v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) can make scientific software easier to use.
arXiv:2606. 28050v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: LLM-as-a-Judge and self-evaluation pipelines implicitly assume that evaluation is easier than generation.
arXiv:2606. 27731v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Despite their strong general capabilities, large language models (LLMs) often remain unreliable when outputs must be numerically precise.
arXiv:2505. 23847v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving into autonomous agents that cooperate across organizational boundaries, enabling joint disaster response, supply-chain optimization, and other tasks that demand decentralized expertise without surrendering data ownership.
arXiv:2601. 21233v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Autonomous code agents built on large language models are reshaping software and AI development through tool use, long-horizon reasoning, and self-directed interaction.
arXiv:2511. 02340v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) affects nearly 10\% of the global population and often progresses to end-stage renal failure.