arXiv:2607. 19181v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Neural machine translation (NMT) in the legal domain is a linguistically and conceptually demanding task, primarily due to the complexity of legal language and the high level of precision it requires.
arXiv:2607. 19226v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has been established as a viable paradigm for the post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), including downstream tasks, such as Neural Machine Translation (NMT).
arXiv:2605.31378v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) still struggle with fine-grained translation quality estimation (QE), even with long reasoning chains. We argue that...
The paper introduces Juris Policy Optimization (JPO), a post‑training framework designed to enhance structured legal reasoning in Chinese criminal judgment prediction. JPO first trains models with teacher‑generated rationales to guide a four‑step reasoning process, then applies reinforcement learning using a composite reward that balances prediction accuracy, reasoning completeness, and cross‑step consistency. Experiments on several open‑source language models and three Chinese legal benchmarks demonstrate that JPO consistently outperforms both supervised fine‑tuning and standard reinforcement learning baselines in terms of judgment prediction and reasoning quality.
The study investigates the performance gap between native-language reasoning and English-pivoted reasoning in large language models. By creating extensive multilingual reasoning datasets and fine‑tuning specialists on Qwen/Qwen3-8B-Base, the authors find that the native reasoning gap is much smaller (1.9–3.5%) than previously reported. They analyze weight‑space changes, discover a language‑agnostic reasoning core in the middle layers, and propose a Layer Swap technique that transfers these mid‑layer updates from an English specialist to native specialists, effectively closing most of the gap while maintaining native chain‑of‑thought output.
arXiv:2606. 16118v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on reasoning tasks, but whether this reflects faithful logical inference or heuristic approximation remains unclear.
arXiv:2605. 29738v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Legal NLP benchmarks overwhelmingly evaluate a single language or aggregate tasks that differ fundamentally across jurisdictions, making cross-lingual comparison impossible.
arXiv:2606. 02465v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reasoning language models (RLMs) achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks, but still exhibit substantial multilingual reasoning gaps, largely due to language-understanding failures in non-English inputs.
arXiv:2609.23726v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models have shown strong performance across a range of legal tasks, but existing benchmarks rarely evaluate the ability to take and defe...
arXiv:2605.25920v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: While large language models (LLMs) augmented with agentic search capabilities show promise for legal reasoning, they overlook a fundamental constra...
Reasoning language models (RLMs) achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks, but still exhibit substantial multilingual reasoning gaps, largely due to language-understanding failures in non-English inputs. English translation can mitigate these failures by expressing non-English inputs in a form that RLMs can more reliably interpret, yet translating every input is unnecessary when the model can reason reliably from the original query.
The paper explores whether structured linguistic reasoning traces can improve low‑resource machine translation by guiding large language models (LLMs). It proposes a pipeline that automatically generates step‑by‑step reasoning traces from Universal Dependencies treebanks, dictionaries, and grammar‑rule banks, and evaluates these traces in in‑context learning, supervised fine‑tuning, and reinforcement fine‑tuning on Xibe and Chintang. The results show that providing reliable reasoning traces at inference time significantly boosts translation quality, whereas using them as training data yields smaller, less consistent gains, indicating that LLMs can benefit from grammatical guidance but struggle to generate accurate analyses themselves.
arXiv:2605. 28183v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We introduce the BenGER (Benchmark for German Law) dataset for evaluating LLM systems on subsumption-based legal reasoning in German law.