Neptune is an end‑to‑end data‑driven framework that emulates global ocean and sea‑ice states for subseasonal‑to‑seasonal (S2S) forecasting up to 60 days. It combines Convolutional Neural Networks and Spherical Fourier Neural Operators to capture both local features and global cross‑scale interactions, producing daily outputs for temperature, salinity, currents, sea‑surface height, and sea‑ice metrics at 1° and 0.25° resolution. Evaluated against metrics such as RMSE, CRPS, ACC, and climate indices (ENSO, IOD), Neptune reproduces the spatio‑temporal evolution of oceanic fields and remains stable over long timescales.
By Davide Donno, Italo Epicoco, Massimo Cafaro, Gabriele Accarino, Mohammad M. Amirian, Viviana Acquaviva, Paola Nassisi, Doroteaciro Iovino, Annalisa Bracco, Simona Masina, Pierre Gentine
Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) forecasting is societally critical, supporting decision-making in sectors ranging from water and agricultural management to disaster risk reduction, energy planning, and...
arXiv:2606. 02610v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are essential to climate science but computationally expensive, limiting ensemble size and forcing scenarios.
By Yuan Yuan, Jesse Rusak, Alexander Merose, Adam Subel, Pavel Perezhogin, Alistair Adcroft, Carlos Fernandez-Granda, Laure Zanna
OceanDepths is the first open, global, AI‑ready dataset that pairs satellite‑derived sea surface temperature, salinity, and height with co‑located EN4 subsurface temperature and salinity profiles, complemented by GLORYS12 reanalysis data. It covers 2000–2024 at 0.1°×0.1° spatial resolution and weekly temporal resolution, providing over 9.5 million paired profiles interpolated to 50 depth levels. The dataset’s 4‑D multivariate structure, high resolution, long temporal extent, and extreme sparsity of subsurface observations make it a challenging testbed for novel AI methods, with demonstrated use in subsurface state reconstruction and potential for observation‑based forecasting.
By Simon Donike, Ruben Cartuyvels, Antonino Ian Ferola, Elisa Carli, Diego Fernandez Prieto, Marie-Helene Rio
arXiv:2608. 16070v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reliable global ocean forecasting is critical for climate monitoring, marine navigation, and extreme event early warning.
By Wei Wu, Xiang Wang, Hongze Leng, Qingye Min, Junxing Zhu, Junqiang Song
Reliable global ocean forecasting is critical for climate monitoring, marine navigation, and extreme event early warning. Physics-based ocean forecasting models impose prohibitive computational costs,...
arXiv:2608. 10277v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We present a stochastic coupled emulator of E3SM version 3, built on the SamudrACE framework, which couples an atmosphere emulator (ACE2) with a full-depth ocean emulator (Samudra).
By Elynn Wu, James P. C. Duncan, Troy Arcomano, Jeremy McGibbon, Oliver Watt-Meyer, Christopher S. Bretherton, Naser Mahfouz, Claudia Tebaldi, Luke Van Roekel, Andrew Roberts, Wuyin Lin, Finn Rebassoo, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Peter M. Caldwell
arXiv:2605.16929v2 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: Global climate models are essential tools to simulate past and potential future pathways of climate change, as well as associated climate impacts....
By Graham Clyne, Julia Kaltenborn, Peer Nowack, Claire Monteleoni, Anastase Charantonis
arXiv:2512. 04452v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: NORi is a machine learning (ML) parameterization of ocean boundary layer turbulence that is physics-based and augmented with neural networks.
By Xin Kai Lee, Ali Ramadhan, Andre Souza, Gregory LeClaire Wagner, Simone Silvestri, John Marshall, Raffaele Ferrari
arXiv:2605. 29976v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We evaluate the climate simulation capabilities of ArchesWeather and ArchesWeatherGen, two machine learning models originally trained for weather forecasting and evaluated up to a 10-day lead time.
By Renu Singh, Robert Brunstein, Antonia Jost, Yana Hasson, Thomas Rackow, Claire Monteleoni, Christian Lessig, Guillaume Couairon
arXiv:2609.13242v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: Subgrid parametrizations of vertical mixing in ocean models depend on free coefficients that cannot be measured directly and must be calibrated again...
By Luben M. C. Cabezas, Sacha Wendling, Aur\`ele Gallard, Gabriel Mouttapa, Julien Le Sommer, Pedro L. C. Rodrigues
arXiv:2506. 19340v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Whole-atmosphere models such as WACCM-X resolve coupling from the Earth surface to the Mesosphere-Lower-Thermosphere (MLT), and Ionosphere-Thermosphere (IT) systems with expensive computational costs.
By Jiahui Hu, Wenjun Dong