Large language models access knowledge inconsistently across languages, but to what extent do they differ in their skill sets when interacting with different languages? This work quantifies cross-ling...
arXiv:2609.37104v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: Open-source reasoning models provide unequal access to reasoning capability across languages. When a model can solve a problem but cannot deliver a c...
By Hongyang Li, Xiao Li, Caesar Wu, Gr\'egoire Danoy, Pascal Bouvry
The paper demonstrates that large language model (LLM) evaluators, whether reward‑model based or prompted LLM‑as‑a‑Judge, exhibit significant language bias in multilingual settings. Experiments with semantically identical instruction‑response pairs across 23 languages reveal that lower‑resource languages receive higher scores, a bias that persists across eight open‑weight evaluators and is not detectable by standard pairwise accuracy metrics. The authors link the bias to model uncertainty and language identity, showing it cannot be explained by content difficulty alone.
By Ej Zhou, Lucas Resck, Zheng Hui, Anna Korhonen
arXiv:2608. 15964v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Language-specific competency (LSC) is the phenomenon of a language model performing better or worse depending on the language of the prompt.
By Ishika Agarwal, Arkajyoti Charaborty, Tanner Sorensen, Neha Gupta, Andreas Stolcke
arXiv:2608. 08447v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multilingual reasoning models are commonly evaluated by whether they arrive at the correct answer, but not by whether they preserve the intended language while reasoning and responding.
By Muhammad Ali Shafique, Kelly Marchisio
M‑SQE is a post‑retrieval framework that estimates the quality of multilingual agent skills by combining a Theory view (intrinsic quality) and an Action view (task‑grounded utility) into a domain‑conditioned score. It was evaluated on general, tool‑use, and cultural skill‑use domains, showing a task‑success improvement of at least +3.5 points over baselines across three retrievers. The method notably boosts performance for low‑resource languages, raising Hindi by +12.9 pp and Swahili by +5.6 pp, and achieves strong results across six cultural regions, advancing linguistic and cultural equality in agentic skill use.
By Yilun Liu, Shimin Tao, Minggui He, Chenxin Liu, Li Zhang, Chen Liu, Miao Zhang, Jiaxin Guo, Min Zhang, Liqun Deng, Xiaojun Meng, Daimeng Wei