arXiv Machine Learning
Aug 27

Skill Issue: Are Skills Language-Invariant in LLMs?

The paper investigates whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit language‑specific skill differences by having two identical model instances play a text‑based game in different languages. Using a multilingual extension of TextArena, the authors evaluate three open‑weight models across eight languages and six games, finding that the same model can show markedly different performance—varying win–loss margins, invalid actions, and strategic choices—depending on the language interface. Analyses pinpoint language‑specific failures in spatial reasoning, card‑conditioned decisions, and optimal move selection, and demonstrate that adjusting the intermediate reasoning language can recover much of the lost performance.

By Bobby Cheng, Adam Gaber, Zhengyuan Liu, Catherine Arnett, Omer Goldman, Cheston Tan, Leshem Choshen
arXiv Computation and Language
Sep 17

M-SQE: Multilingual Skill Quality Estimation for Enhancing Language Equality in Agentic Skill Use

M‑SQE is a post‑retrieval framework that estimates the quality of multilingual agent skills by combining a Theory view (intrinsic quality) and an Action view (task‑grounded utility) into a domain‑conditioned score. It was evaluated on general, tool‑use, and cultural skill‑use domains, showing a task‑success improvement of at least +3.5 points over baselines across three retrievers. The method notably boosts performance for low‑resource languages, raising Hindi by +12.9 pp and Swahili by +5.6 pp, and achieves strong results across six cultural regions, advancing linguistic and cultural equality in agentic skill use.

By Yilun Liu, Shimin Tao, Minggui He, Chenxin Liu, Li Zhang, Chen Liu, Miao Zhang, Jiaxin Guo, Min Zhang, Liqun Deng, Xiaojun Meng, Daimeng Wei
arXiv Computation and Language
Oct 5

Investigating the Role of Reasoning-Language Alignment in Monolingual Retrieval-Augmented Generation

The study explores how the language used for reasoning affects retrieval‑augmented generation (RAG) in a monolingual German setting. Using a German RAG question‑answering testbed based on the tabletop game The Dark Eye, the authors show that aligning the reasoning language with the query and retrieved documents improves performance, with German reasoning outperforming French reasoning. However, German reasoning still does not surpass the model’s native English reasoning, indicating that native multilingual reasoning is necessary for optimal results.

By Oliver Hauck, Mario Sanz-Guerrero, Katharina von der Wense
arXiv AI
Jun 9

Payoff scaling shapes cooperation in LLM agents across languages

arXiv:2601. 19082v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents that negotiate, coordinate, and act on behalf of users.

By Trung-Kiet Huynh, Dao-Sy Duy-Minh, Thanh-Bang Cao, Phong-Hao Le, Hong-Dan Nguyen, Phu-Quy Nguyen-Lam, Minh-Luan Nguyen-Vo, Hong-Phat Pham, Phu-Hoa Pham, Thien-Kim Than, Chi-Nguyen Tran, Huy Tran, Gia-Thoai Tran-Le, Alessio Buscemi, Le Hong Trang, The Anh Han