The paper investigates how machine translation can be tailored to specific audiences and intents, a capability enabled by large language models (LLMs). By systematically evaluating purpose-driven MT across 50 languages, 5 model sizes, and 8 text domains, the authors find that explicit instructions significantly improve translation adaptiveness, especially for informal domains, larger models, and higher-resource languages. They also show that traditional MT metrics often penalize adapted translations and that models can self-generate useful instructions from context, closing a large portion of the adaptiveness gap.
By Raphael Merx, Ekaterina Vylomova, Trevor Cohn
The paper introduces ProNMT, a reward-guided iterative self‑training approach that balances global translation quality with pronoun‑specific feedback for context‑aware machine translation. ProNMT samples candidate translations, scores them using reference‑free quality estimation and a pronoun label derived from references, and fine‑tunes on the highest‑scoring candidate. Experiments on English–German Europarl and English–French News Commentary show that ProNMT outperforms standard context‑aware fine‑tuning on BLEU and COMET, while ablations reveal that pronoun‑only feedback can harm overall quality and that confidence‑weighted feedback outperforms hard binary feedback.
By Harshit Dhankhar, Baban Gain, Asif Ekbal, Yogesh Mani Tripathi
arXiv:2607. 20241v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Culturally loaded translation poses unique challenges for machine translation (MT), as meanings are deeply embedded in socio-cultural contexts beyond surface linguistic forms.
By Yiming Wang, Jiayuan Di
The paper introduces Iterative MBR Distillation for Error Span Detection (ESD) in machine translation, a self‑evolution framework that replaces human annotations with pseudo‑labels generated by a large language model. By iteratively applying Minimum Bayes Risk decoding, the method produces high‑quality error spans without costly human effort. Experiments on WMT Metrics Shared Task datasets show that models trained solely on these pseudo‑labels outperform both unadapted baselines and supervised models trained on human data at system and span levels, while keeping sentence‑level performance competitive.
By Boxuan Lyu, Haiyue Song, Zhi Qu
The paper examines two test‑time scaling methods for large language models in machine translation: sequential sampling, where later attempts build on earlier ones, and parallel sampling, such as independent i.i.d. sampling with reranking. Sequential sampling shows a higher performance ceiling, offering a more diverse and effective set of translations, especially with limited sampling budgets. Human analysis reveals that while sequential sampling improves fluency and naturalness, it can reduce accuracy when the inference budget is large, and the authors attribute this effect to the model’s access to a larger target‑side context.
By Di Wu, Sergey Troshin, Christof Monz, Antske Fokkens, Vlad Niculae
arXiv:2609.16340v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: Machine translation systems are periodically upgraded to stronger models, but the available preference signal is human post-edits of an older system'...
By Rohit Dhaipule, Sukhdeep Singh Kharbanda, Prasanth Bathala, Pradyumna Lanka, Anubhav Shrimal
arXiv:2603.12050v3 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: Translated texts exhibit systematic differences from comparable texts originally written in the target language. Explaining this phenomenon, common...
By Maria Kunilovskaya
arXiv:2609.13611v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: The WMT26 General MT task evaluates systems on 10 language pairs that have no human references (neither translated from scratch nor post-edited from MT...
By Diptesh Kanojia, Chi-kiu Lo, Archchana Sindhujan, Samuel Larkin, Greg Hanneman, Alon Lavie
arXiv:2609.09889v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technology is fundamental to customer service automation and large-scale transcription. However, even advanced ASR m...
By Yonghyun Jun, Jimin Lee, Hwan Chang, Dongho Shin, Seolah Kim, Hwanhee Lee
The paper introduces a register-aware framework to evaluate how human-like large language models (LLMs) are, focusing on linguistic feature distributions rather than factual correctness. It uses Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) and 67 Biber lexico‑grammatical features to compare LLM‑generated texts with human reference corpora across different registers. Experiments on seven instruction‑tuned, open‑source models across five English datasets show that all LLMs deviate from human baselines, with closeness to human language varying by register and not by model size.
By Bj\"orn Nieth, Marianna Gracheva, Michaela Mahlberg, Bjoern Eskofier, Emmanuelle Salin
arXiv:2606. 05444v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Coreference resolution is a core NLP task, having a broad range of downstream applications, e.
By Adriana-Valentina Costache, Eduard Poesina, Silviu-Florin Gheorghe, Paul Irofti, Radu Tudor Ionescu
arXiv:2608. 03803v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multilingual language models are deployed across a hundred or more languages, yet most benchmarks test whether a model can perform a task _in_ a language rather than whether it commands the language itself, conflating fluency with proficiency.
By Tom\'a\v{s} Burkert, Angelika Peljak-{\L}api\'nska, David Zelen\'y