The paper reports an empirical study comparing traditional and AI‑enabled Simulink controllers, using a taxonomy of ten structural categories and nine functional roles. Analyzing 62 real‑world models and surveying 13 practitioners, it finds that subsystem organization dominates all controller architectures, AI models rely heavily on discrete dynamics and user‑defined abstraction, and constraint enforcement blocks largely disappear in AI‑enabled designs. These findings highlight architectural tensions and gaps between AI literature and practical implementation.
arXiv:2608. 11221v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are typically developed by multiple stakeholders who produce artefacts tailored to their specific domains of expertise.
arXiv:2606. 00090v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Physical AI systems increasingly map multimodal observations, language instructions, and learned world representations into physically consequential actions.
arXiv:2607. 22877v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: With the emergence of Physical AI, artificial intelligence is extending beyond screen-based applications to embodied systems that perceive, interact with, and act in the physical world.
arXiv:2606. 18532v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: AI systems are increasingly evaluated in bounded environments that combine isolation, simulation, instrumentation, supervision, and evidence capture.
The paper reviews how large language models have evolved into agents that can influence external environments through tool use, interface operation, delegation, state retention, virtual world inhabitation, and robotic control. It critiques the narrative of a single march toward autonomy, distinguishing model competence from system integration, persistence, and safe authority. The authors find that action-interface expansion is well documented, while robust completion, recovery, authorization, and independent verification remain less proven, and they propose a framework of justified delegation to guide future research.
The paper argues for a Foundation Model Operating System (FMOS) to virtualize foundation model interactions, similar to how operating systems abstract hardware. Current AI stacks are fragmented, with each framework embedding its own runtime for state, memory, budgets, and guardrails, leading to non-portable behavior and brittle governance. An FMOS would orchestrate knowledge across memory tiers, manage model selection and resource allocation, and enforce verification and policy, learning when to intervene or allow direct inference based on operational experience.
arXiv:2607. 09076v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Cyberattacks on operational technology are increasingly causing costly downtime and physical damage, exposing the limitations of traditional rule-based monitoring in industrial IoT environments.
arXiv:2609.17260v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) operate through a continuous sense-compute-act loop within an open context environment, making it impossible to anticipate...
arXiv:2606. 05660v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Embodied AI systems are increasingly expected to reason and act over extended horizons in physical environments.
The paper introduces a closed‑loop cyber‑physical system for autonomous model lifecycle management in automotive manufacturing, deployed since 2023. It manages paired physics and reinforcement‑learning models, selecting the best candidate through competitive retraining cycles and a Conductor orchestrator that handles plant‑wide inventories and fallback controls. The system incorporates an operator‑trust gate that rejects 23% of policies that deviate from established practice, achieving 28‑45% process stability improvements with no safety incidents.
arXiv:2608.22672v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Energy system operation contains a loop of work that automation has never taken over: posing the optimization problem the current cycle should solve, d...
arXiv:2512. 23292v5 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The prevailing paradigm in AI for physical systems: scaling general-purpose foundation models toward universal multimodal reasoning, confronts a barrier at the control interface.