Padàrtha is the first ontology‑grounded fine‑grained Named Entity Recognition benchmark for Classical Sanskrit, built on the Mahêbhárata epic. Its tag set, derived from the Nyáya‑Vai’séka ontological system, contains 18 fine‑grained categories under 10 nodes and maps to five standard coarse tags, ensuring compatibility with existing benchmarks. The dataset includes over 12.6K expert‑annotated entries and 108,335 entity mentions across 73,632 verses, plus a 5,000‑verse test set designed to challenge rare mentions, and the study compares generative NER models to traditional architectures, noting performance drops at finer granularity and difficulties with unseen entities.
arXiv:2606. 24172v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: More than a billion people communicate in Indic languages, yet the natural language processing infrastructure serving them remains fragmented and underdeveloped.
The paper introduces grounded glossary generation, a structured NLP task that asks models to recover semantically meaningful Sanskrit phrases and provide translation‑grounded meanings from a sloka‑translation pair, mirroring the traditional patha commentary practice. A benchmark of 31,316 sloka‑translation‑glossary triples from the Valmiki Ramayana and Srimad Bhagavatam is built, evaluated with Jaccard for phrase recovery and Meaning Faithfulness for semantic consistency. Experiments with Gemma‑3n‑E4B, Gemma‑3‑12B, Phi‑4, and Qwen3.5‑9B show that instruction fine‑tuning outperforms prompting, and explicit segmentation further improves results, though over‑segmentation of sandhi and samasa compounds remains the main error source, highlighting morphological modeling as a key bottleneck.
arXiv:2605. 28965v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Linking free-text phenotype descriptions to ontology terms, typically referred to as phenotype annotation, is essential for the cross-study integration of comparative morphological data.
The paper compares generative and encoder-based neural models for multilingual Named Entity Recognition (NER) across the eleven languages of the Naamapadam benchmark. Five classic model families, four decoder-only large language models fine‑tuned with LoRA and 4‑bit NF4 quantisation, and nine generative models in zero‑to‑5‑shot inference were evaluated under strict CoNLL span‑level metrics. Encoder-based models (mBERT and XLM‑R) achieved substantially higher F1 scores—up to 0.675 on Hindi—than any generative architecture, with gaps of 7.5–40 percentage points; the best few‑shot result reached only 28% of the encoder baseline. The study identifies three language clusters (encoder‑dominant, partial‑coverage, and failure‑zone) and offers deployment guidelines based on transfer learning and low‑resource NLP principles.
arXiv:2607. 23344v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Named Entity Recognition (NER) for low-resource languages such as Marathi remains a challenging task due to limited annotated resources and linguistic complexity.
The paper evaluates whether diachronic word embeddings can track semantic change in Sanskrit, an ancient low‑resource language with complex phonological and morphological features. A 2.7‑million‑token corpus covering four canonical periods is processed with a neural sandhi splitter and lemmatizer, and per‑period embeddings are trained. Validation against a curated set of 21 historical shifts shows that 19 shifts align with philological expectations, supporting the method’s applicability to Sanskrit.
arXiv:2609.25298v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Cultural evaluation coverage and robustness in language models are difficult to diagnose because pretraining corpora and cultural benchmarks are rarely...
arXiv:2606. 24825v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging is a foundational NLP task underpinning machine translation, information extraction, and syntactic parsing.
arXiv:2607. 23319v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Standard subword tokenization algorithms such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) and SentencePiece are trained predominantly on modern language corpora and produce inefficient segmentations when applied to classical Indian languages.
arXiv:2609.00228v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Scientific domain entity linking (EL) differs from general domain EL because mentions and entity names often lack lexical overlap. Another challenge is...
arXiv:2606. 20089v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Persian pretrained language models (PLMs) are still limited by the scarcity of large-scale, high-quality pretraining corpora and by insufficient evaluation beyond standard classification and NER tasks.
The paper presents a local traditional OCR pipeline that can be iteratively fine‑tuned on both layout and appearance levels of complex historical Sanskrit manuscripts. By adapting to the specific manuscript distribution, the pipeline reduces human annotation effort and improves transcription accuracy across subsequent pages. The authors apply this method to three manuscripts, release a dataset with detailed layout and Unicode annotations in PAGE‑XML format, and benchmark the pipeline against leading multimodal large language models.