The paper introduces Interpretable Utility Similarity (IUS), a novel metric for quantifying how closely a synthetic image set matches a real image set in terms of usefulness for deep‑learning clinical decision support systems. IUS is interpretable, leveraging generalized neural additive models to explain why one synthetic dataset may outperform another based on clinically relevant image features. Experiments on color medical imaging modalities—endoscopic, dermoscopic, and fundus—show that selecting synthetic images with high IUS can boost classification performance by up to 54.6%, and the method also generalizes to grayscale X‑ray and ultrasound data.
By Panagiota Gatoula, George Dimas, Dimitris K. Iakovidis
arXiv:2608. 03990v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Synthetic histopathology image generation has emerged as an approach that may address data scarcity in computational pathology, yet current evaluation methodologies may not fully assess synthetic data quality for medical applications.
By Seyed Kahaki, Shijie Li, Weijie Chen, Nicholas Petrick
The paper reviews 50 image augmentation and generation techniques, categorizing them into ten groups, and conducts a large‑scale empirical study to assess their effectiveness as test generators for embedding‑based image retrieval systems. Using Amazon Titan and OpenCLIP embeddings, the authors evaluate the techniques across four dimensions—embedding‑space similarity, embedding uncertainty, semantic realism, and retrieval failure rate—on CIFAR‑10, ImageNet‑1K, and an industrial dataset. Results show that weather simulation and SaSPA yield the highest uncertainty and failure rates while maintaining realistic visuals, whereas GAN‑based methods produce low realism due to synthetic artifacts.
By Yehan De Silva, Anirudh Sridhar, Armin Lotfy, Nafiseh Kahani, Yvan Labiche, Ziyu Wang, Frank Ouyang, Clare Carty, Azalia Shamsaei
arXiv:2409. 10094v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection aims to justify whether a given sample is from the training distribution of the classifier-under-protection, i.
By Kun Fang, Zuopeng Yang, Haibo Hu, Xiaolin Huang, Jie Yang, Qinghua Tao
Background: Early prediction of distant metastasis (DM) risk in head and neck cancer (HNC) can enable timely interventions that may improve treatment outcomes. Many current machine learning methods rely on prior knowledge of the region of interest such as tumor segmentations, which require expert knowledge, is time-consuming and introduces user-dependent variability.
The paper investigates how medical vision‑language models (VLMs) behave when faced with distribution shifts such as changes in acquisition domain, supervision, or evaluation protocol. Using datasets like NIH ChestXray14, CheXpert, PadChest, and OpenI, the authors isolate cross‑dataset visual transfer, evaluate multimodal alignment, and quantify source‑proxy leakage in frozen embeddings. They find that self‑supervised visual initialization improves transfer, adversarial adaptation is only marginally helpful, and that multimodal retrieval performance drops under external stress tests while source‑proxy information remains recoverable, highlighting hidden failure modes in medical VLMs.
By Ayoub Louaye Bouaziz, Lokmane Chebouba, Yassine Himeur
arXiv:2602.01718v2 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: Predicting generalization from quantities available before target-test evaluation remains a central challenge in deep learning. The systematic benc...
By Sora Nakai, Youssef Fadhloun, Kacem Mathlouthi, Kotaro Yoshida, Ganesh Talluri, Ioannis Mitliagkas, Hiroki Naganuma
arXiv:2609.24691v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Latent diffusion models now dominate medical image generation, and every such pipeline rests on a \emph{tokenizer} that compresses images into the late...
By Niklas Bubeck, Yundi Zhang, Vasiliki Sideri-Lampretsa, Julian McGinnis, Jiancheng Yang, Daniel Rueckert, Jiazhen Pan
arXiv:2608. 13939v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for assessing thyroid nodules, and the ACR TI-RADS framework standardizes diagnosis through five ultrasound feature categories that are aggregated into five risk levels (TR1-TR5).
By Bingxin Yu, Xueli Wang, Jerry Zhou, Wenyan Wang, Li Wen, Lan Huang, Xin Feng, Fengfeng Zhou, Kewei Li
arXiv:2609.22631v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Accurate automated interpretation of electrocardio- grams (ECGs) is essential for early detection of cardiac condi- tions such as myocardial infarction...
By Mohammad Sadman Tahsin, Haitham Y. Adarbah, Afzel Noore
arXiv:2603. 18846v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Foundation models are used to extract transferable representations from large amounts of unlabeled data, typically via self-supervised learning (SSL).
By Samuel Ofosu Mensah, Camila Roa, Kerol Djoumessi, Philipp Berens
arXiv:2608.23182v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: We present a comparative study of label-free metrics for assessing the quality of representations in deep neural networks to understand their reliabi...
By Daniel Richards Arputharaj, Daniel J\"onsson, Gabriel Eilertsen