Alignment, interpretability, red-teaming, bias and privacy: the research on what these systems do when they misbehave.
Training terminal agents requires executable and verifiable tasks that are not merely solvable, but appropriately challenging for learning. Executable validation establishes feasibility, yet does not reveal how a task behaves relative to a given solver setting.
Vector autoregressive moving-average (VARMA) models have long been considered impractical beyond moderate dimensions: the likelihood is non-convex, the parametrization is identified only up to equivalence, and every evaluation costs a pass over the entire series. Yet their moving-average term captures with a few parameters what a pure autoregression matches only with many lags.
Large language models (LLMs) increasingly support complex professional tasks, yet their capabilities in rule-intensive document review remain insufficiently evaluated. National standard documents, such as China GB/T standards, offer a representative testbed: they are lengthy, highly structured, and governed by explicit rules for scope, terminology, normative wording, and cross-section consistency.
Probabilistic Regression Trees (PRTrees) are a smooth and consistent alternative to classical regression trees, producing continuous predictions through probabilistic split assignments. This paper extends the PRTree framework to accommodate missing predictor values directly during tree construction, eliminating the need for prior imputation.
Preference optimisation has proven effective for improving large language models but typically relies on costly human preference annotations. Extending these methods to morphologically rich, low-resource languages remains challenging because such annotations are scarce.
Hierarchical 3D scene graphs are a promising representation for high-level spatial reasoning in autonomous mobile platforms. However, existing extraction frameworks typically rely on purely local visual clustering or strict geometric heuristics, such as wall-separated rooms, which fail in open-plan or arbitrarily-structured environments.
Composition, the deliberate arrangement of visual elements, is central to how meaning, emotion, and aesthetic quality are conveyed in artwork, yet it remains among the least formalized dimensions of visual understanding. Prior work highlights a persistent gap in learning meaningful compositional representations, attributing it to semantic bias and suggesting that human-inspired approaches may be key.
Predicting how a population will answer a new question is a long-standing goal. Statistical methods succeed at the level of the mass but falter at the level of the individual.
Hospitals are rapidly adopting artificial intelligence for triage, imaging, scheduling etc. , yet most deployments remain isolated point solutions locked inside departmental silos, resulting in duplicated effort, hidden risks, and unrealized enterprise value.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted navigation can help Arctic shipping adapt to rapidly changing sea-ice conditions, but reliable deployment requires reward models that are interpretable and robust to changing environments. Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) provides a framework for recovering such rewards from vessel trajectories, while recent meta-IRL methods introduce latent context variables to capture behavioral heterogeneity.
Economic World Models (EWMs) are generative economic models that simulate how economies evolve from within by modeling heterogeneous agents, their beliefs and actions, and the market and institutional mechanisms through which their interactions produce aggregate outcomes. This paper develops an implementation roadmap for building economic world models as generative engines in which heterogeneous agents act, interact, adapt, and co-evolve with markets and institutions, thereby producing economic dynamics from the inside.
Beamforming plays a key role in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. However, conventional beamforming design normally requires accurate instantaneous channel state information (CSI) and iterative optimization, which incur substantial pilot overhead and computational complexity.
Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) often fail to accurately resolve partial differential equations (PDEs) with high-frequency or multi-scale solutions, as well as strongly nonlinear problems. Two factors underlie this difficulty: spectral bias, the tendency of neural networks to underfit high-frequency features; and representation-coefficient coupling, the entanglement of representation learning and coefficient fitting within a single nonconvex optimization objective.
The use of ontologies and knowledge graphs is becoming increasingly widespread in the defence and national security domain. Numerous ontologies have been developed through initiatives led by academia, industry, and government.
Restoring high-fidelity remote sensing imagery from extreme low-light degradation is indispensable for reliable Earth observation and downstream machine vision. However, under severe noise and illumination corruption, existing methods suffer from attention drift, erroneously aggregating features across distinct physical boundaries and causing severe structural blurring and color distortion.
General-purpose large language model agents have achieved strong performance on tool-augmented tasks, yet they rely on assumptions break down in blockchain environments. On-chain execution is stateful, adversarial, and economically irreversible, exposing three fundamental gaps: Reactivity, Irreversibility, and Observability.
Subliminal Learning (SL) is a surprising type of generalization displayed by modern language models. It allows the transfer of a bias or behavior from a teacher model to a student by distilling from seemingly unrelated or random synthetic data from the teacher.
Large Language Models (LLMs) are often used as evaluators of text quality, known as LLM-as-a-Judge, which can outperform conventional automatic evaluation metrics that rely on reference texts. However, LLM evaluators tend to generate particular scores regardless of the context of the evaluated text, which is known as scoring bias.
World models enable agents to perform forward rollout and planning without real-world interaction. However, their application in open-world embodied intelligence remains limited by the high cost of action annotations and the heterogeneity of action spaces across platforms.
Real-time long-form avatar audio--video generation requires causal, continuous synthesis while maintaining audiovisual synchronization and visual consistency. Adapting a pretrained bidirectional model to this setting presents two key dilemmas.