Policy optimisation, reward modelling and RLHF — how models are trained by feedback rather than by labels.
arXiv:2608. 11349v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: A key obstacle to deploying reinforcement learning in real-world systems is hyperparameter selection, particularly when simulators are unavailable and online experimentation is costly.
arXiv:2606. 16149v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Rare disease diagnosis depends on expert reasoning that is scarce and difficult to transfer; off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) rank the correct disease first in only 35.
arXiv:2604. 27733v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human intent, whether through explicit reward modeling or direct methods such as DPO, fundamentally relies on minimizing a surrogate loss as a proxy for the true pairwise ranking objective.
arXiv:2608. 11922v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Predictive-distribution entropy makes a strong selection rule in retrieval-augmented question answering: across five QA benchmarks, keeping the candidate answer that a frozen respondent LLM produces with the lowest answer-token entropy lifts mean answer $F_1$ from 0.
arXiv:2608. 11207v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: When two LLM agents with structurally opposed objectives interact across multiple turns, the absence of a shared goal function produces not competition but collapse: the visitor capitulates, the site agent stops varying its approach, and the conversation terminates without achieving either agent's stated objective.
arXiv:2608. 11363v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: A central goal in robot learning is to move beyond task-specific human data collection toward robots that improve through autonomous interaction.
arXiv:2608. 11498v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Natural-language-based scenario generation offers an intuitive means of describing rare and complex driving interactions, yet it is still uncertain whether training with language-structured data leads to truly adaptive control policies.
arXiv:2608. 12306v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Safe offline RL typically assumes access to dense per-step cost annotations, but in practice supervisors provide only trajectory-level stop-feedback: a binary signal at the first unsafe transition, with no per-step attribution.
arXiv:2608. 11911v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: A central promise of useful quantum advantage is the ability to compute ground states of Hamiltonian systems beyond the reach of classical simulation methods.
arXiv:2608. 12190v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: With the increasing complexity of cyber assaults in cloud environments, adaptable security solutions are needed that can support real-time detection and autonomous response.
arXiv:2608. 11368v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) spends most of its compute generating groups of long reasoning trajectories.
arXiv:2603. 29426v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides a promising solution for cooperative target tracking in networks of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs).
arXiv:2608. 11410v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Offline reinforcement learning (RL) offers considerable promise for optimizing ICU treatment decisions, yet standard evaluation metrics Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Fitted Q-Evaluation (FQE) assess only behavioral imitation and cannot detect Toxic Mimicry, a failure mode in which agents replicate harmful patterns such as treatment withdrawal during comfort-care transitions.
arXiv:2608. 11560v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Personalizing marketing messages with contextual multi-armed bandits (CMABs) drives real business value, yet the objective that ultimately matters - a downstream conversion - is observed only weeks later, too late to drive online learning.
arXiv:2608. 11232v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Evaluating LLM coding agents in algorithmic trading is difficult because static benchmarks risk data contamination and numerical backtest outputs require ground truth from actual code execution.
arXiv:2608. 11669v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reinforcement learning against rubrics, lists of criteria graded by an LLM judge, has become a standard way to post-train language models on tasks with no deterministic answer.
arXiv:2608. 11674v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: On-policy rollout methods such as GRPO are central to post-training of large language models, yet they frequently suffer from training instabilities, cross-task capability degradation, and response-length inflation.
arXiv:2608. 11245v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Online education offers unprecedented scalability and accessibility to global learners from diverse backgrounds, but it often suffers from low engagement and poor long term learning effectiveness.
arXiv:2608. 11624v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Persuasion is a core dynamic of natural language communication, shaping how large language models (LLMs) update beliefs, resolve disagreements, and reach decisions.
arXiv:2608. 11715v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) for API calling degrades in multilingual settings.