arXiv Machine Learning By Yifan Sun, Naicheng Yu, Jiawen Gong, Jingyan Shen, Huan Zhang

Your Benchmark Is an Empirical Measure Over Difficulty

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The paper argues that a benchmark is more than a set of test questions; it defines an empirical distribution over difficulty. It identifies two failure modes—measure mismatch, where the benchmark’s difficulty distribution diverges from the intended one, and coverage gaps, where parts of the difficulty spectrum are missing. The authors propose diagnostic metrics with theoretical guarantees, analyze 25 benchmarks across seven domains, and introduce BenchFill, an algorithm that rewrites items to fill coverage gaps.

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