arXiv Machine Learning September 22, 2026 By Wang Xuying, Zhibek Sarypbekova

When Does Learning Beat Heuristics? A Case Study in Kubernetes Scheduler Score Plugins

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The study investigates whether learned scoring functions can outperform hand‑tuned heuristics in Kubernetes node‑selection. Two models—a Random Forest on engineered features and a graph neural network on job dependency graphs—were trained on a large production trace; both achieved modest regression gains (R²≈0.042) but lagged behind a simple free‑CPU heuristic in Top‑1 ranking accuracy (65‑66% vs. 74‑84%). The authors attribute this gap to objective mismatch, noting that pointwise regression rather than a ranking‑specific loss likely limits performance.

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