arXiv AI By Carson Rodrigues, Oysturn Vas

When Do LLMs Replace Fine-Tuned NLU? A Decision Framework for Intent Detection in Production Conversational Systems

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The paper evaluates whether zero‑shot large language models (LLMs) can replace fine‑tuned natural language understanding (NLU) classifiers for intent detection in conversational systems. Experiments on ATIS and CLINC150 show that fine‑tuned RoBERTa outperforms Claude Haiku zero‑shot when ample in‑domain labels are available, but the LLM matches the supervised model on the broader 150‑intent CLINC150 schema. The authors identify three production‑relevant scenarios where LLMs excel—out‑of‑scope detection, robustness to ASR noise, and dynamic per‑deployment schemas—and present a decision framework to guide practitioners. whyItMatters:"The study provides concrete evidence and a practical framework for deciding when to deploy LLMs versus fine‑tuned models in real‑world conversational applications."

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