arXiv Machine Learning By Sara Dragutinovi\'c, Yedi Zhang, Rajesh Ranganath

To Use or not to Use Muon: How Simplicity Bias in Optimizers Matters

Read the original on arXiv Machine Learning →

arXiv:2603. 00742v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: While Adam has long been the ubiquitous default optimizer for deep neural networks, Muon has recently seen rapid adoption due to its superior training speed.

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Reassessing Muon for Matrix Factorization

Muon has recently emerged as a strong optimizer for large-scale deep learning, where it reshapes gradient updates through approximate orthogonalization and has been reported to outperform Adam and AdamW in large language model training. Its empirical success has motivated a growing body of theoretical work that interprets Muon as steepest descent under the spectral norm.