TLNM: Externally Validated Tooth Detection, Numbering and Segmentation from Smartphone Photographs Using Mask R-CNN

The paper presents TLNM, a Mask R‑CNN based system that detects, numbers, and segments teeth in smartphone photographs. It incorporates a masked gray‑world white‑balancing step and an anatomically constrained detection layer to handle patient‑generated variability. Evaluated on internal and external datasets, the model achieved high AP50, PQ, and F1 scores, demonstrating robust performance across diverse populations and imaging conditions.

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• computer-vision
• benchmarks