CASEL (Consequence-Aware Selective Execution Layer) is a runtime allocation policy for tool‑using language agents that chooses among direct execution, verification, sandboxing, clarification, approval, and abstention for each proposed tool call. It combines calibrated failure probability, state‑dependent consequence, reversibility, ambiguity, and evidence freshness to minimize a per‑mode cost. In controlled simulations, CASEL cuts harmful‑side‑effect trajectories from 14.75 % to 7.02 % and reduces mean normalized harm from 0.184 to 0.123 compared to an uncertainty‑ranked gate.
By Yanyan Zhang, Fei Shen, Ting Yan, Hao Zhang
arXiv:2608. 02665v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: A benchmark score is a measurement instrument, yet most benchmarks read each item at a single canonical surface form.
By Yongxi Zhou, Junwei Yao, Yuanzhe Liu, Zihan Dong, Wenbo Ye, Jiaxi Wen, Lai Yun Choi
arXiv:2609.14976v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Long-horizon LLM agents accumulate memory across sessions, creating sparse but high-impact risks: stale facts, conflicting updates, cross-user leakage,...
By Jianhua Jiang, Dongbo Yuan, Weihua Li
The paper investigates how large language model (LLM) workflows and agents make binary decisions—such as allowing or blocking an input—when human deferral is not possible. It proposes using System One decision scores that default to a conservative fallback in uncertain cases and control false omission risk within the subset of inputs that receive the utility‑maximizing action. Experiments on six datasets spanning moderation, safety, and reranking show that naive threshold baselines often exceed target risk, whereas a Learn‑Then‑Test approach achieves only 7.8% risk, demonstrating the limitations of probability‑like interfaces and the benefits of risk‑budgeted selection.
By Soundouss Messoudi, Youness Mansar
The paper evaluates safety monitors by measuring recall only on prompts that the target model actually answers, rather than on all harmful prompts. Across several guard systems, recall at a 1% false‑positive rate drops sharply when focusing on answered prompts, with monitors catching refused requests 1.1–6.4 times more often than answered ones. Rewriting prompts to be less explicit dramatically increases compliance and reveals that many harmful requests slip past monitors, especially when phrasing is softened. Fine‑tuning guards on these rewritten prompts improves recall from 0.24 to 0.89 on answered requests and generalizes to unseen benchmarks.
By Sripad Karne
arXiv:2609.15134v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Computer-use agents increasingly interact with browsers, terminals, file systems, and external services, introducing safety risks that emerge through r...
By Yunhao Feng, Ruixiao Lin, Ming Wen, Yanming Guo, Xingjun Ma, Yutao Wu, Xinhao Deng, Shouling Ji