Deep neural nets achieve remarkable performance when training and test data share the same distribution, but this assumption frequently breaks in real-world deployment, where data undergoes continual distributional shifts. Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) addresses this challenge by adapting pretrained models to non-stationary target distributions on-the-fly, without access to source data or labeled targets, while mitigating two critical failure modes: catastrophic forgetting of source knowledge and error accumulation from noisy pseudo-labels over extended time horizons.
arXiv:2609.37687v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Active test-time adaptation (ATTA) improves robustness under distribution shift by updating a deployed model during inference while selectively queryin...
By Muhammad Huzaifa, Lea Sch\"onherr, Thorsten Eisenhofer
arXiv:2609.24111v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses distribution shift using only unlabeled test data. Existing methods typically adapt pretrained models by updating...
By Muhammad Sudipto Siam Dip, Ali Etemad
arXiv:2602. 06136v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Test-time adaptation (TTA) offers a compelling remedy for machine learning (ML) models that degrade under domain shifts, improving generalisation on-the-fly with only unlabelled samples.
By Sudarshan Sreeram, Young D. Kwon, Cecilia Mascolo
arXiv:2606. 31420v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables models trained on a source domain to adapt online to unlabeled test data under distribution shifts.
By Shaoyang Huang, Yashi Zhu, Yichen Yu, Lei Zhang, Zhang Yi, Tao He
The paper surveys Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA), a framework that adapts pretrained computer‑vision models to non‑stationary target distributions without source data or labeled targets, while avoiding catastrophic forgetting and error accumulation. It formally defines the CTTA problem, categorizes existing methods into optimization‑based, parameter‑efficient, and architecture‑based families, and reviews representative techniques and benchmarks across standard evaluation settings. The survey also outlines current limitations and proposes future research directions, such as adapting foundation models and black‑box systems.
By Sarthak Kumar Maharana, Shambhavi Mishra, Yunbei Zhang, Shuaicheng Niu, Taki Hasan Rafi, Jihun Hamm, Marco Pedersoli, Jose Dolz, Yunhui Guo