arXiv Machine Learning By Chih-Yu Chang, Milad Azvar, Chinedum Okwudire, Raed Al Kontar

LLINBO: Trustworthy LLM-in-the-Loop Bayesian Optimization

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LLINBO is a framework that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) into Bayesian Optimization (BO) by deciding when to use LLM suggestions and when to fall back on classical BO. It introduces three interaction mechanisms, each with a no‑harm theoretical guarantee of sublinear cumulative regret for common kernels, without requiring performance assumptions on the LLM. Experiments show that LLINBO improves the reliability of LLM‑based BO and outperforms classical BO in both simulations and a real‑world 3D printing task.

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