arXiv AI September 10, 2026 By Chaemin Jang, Junsik Min, Jaewoo Choi, Donggyu Lee, Haiin Lee, Junyoung Park, Namhee Kim, Hyunwoo Kim, Jungwon Kim, Juho Kim, Nuri Kim, Jihee Kim

From Simulated Citizens to Simulated Deliberation: Challenges in Representation and Interaction

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The paper investigates whether large language model (LLM) agents can simulate public deliberation by reflecting population opinion patterns and producing interaction-driven opinion change. Using census‑grounded Korean personas debating real policy questions, the study finds that persona agents fail to reliably reproduce population opinion patterns, often concentrating responses and reversing demographic differences. While deliberations generate reasoned, reciprocal arguments and some stance movement, much of this change occurs without peer exchange, and anchoring agents to population‑informed starting positions suppresses updating, indicating that population representation, argument generation, and interaction‑driven opinion change do not necessarily align.

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