arXiv AI By Jingxuan Chen, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar, Jose Camacho-Collados

Does Every Instance Count Equally? Order Effects in LLM Multi-Instance Processing

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The paper investigates how the order of independent inputs affects large language models’ ability to aggregate predictions. By testing fifteen LLMs on five datasets with seven different instance orderings, the authors find that accuracy can vary by up to 90 percentage points, with models performing best when majority-label instances appear first. Analysis of reasoning traces and attribution scores shows that models disproportionately focus on early instances, indicating uneven positional emphasis.

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