arXiv AI October 12, 2026 By Fanzhi Zeng, Anubrata Das, Maytal Saar-Tsechansky, Liu Leqi

Collaborative Theory of Mind: Learning to Self-Revise by Anticipating User Responses

The paper introduces Collaborative Theory of Mind (CToM), a framework that trains large language models to anticipate user responses and use those predictions to self‑revise before finalizing a reply. By combining a user‑response prediction objective with group‑relative policy optimization, CToM improves collaborative task performance across mathematical reasoning, coding, and writing tasks, raising accuracy from 74.1% to 79.6% on a math task and reducing the number of user replies needed. Ablation studies show that accurate user‑response predictions lead to more efficient interactions and better outcomes.

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