arXiv AI September 1, 2026 By Yihang Cheng, Veronica Liesaputra, Andrew Trotman

CoLa-ICD: A Knowledge-Enhanced Framework for Long-Tail Automated Medical Coding

CoLa-ICD is a knowledge‑enhanced framework designed to improve automatic medical coding of ICD codes in long, imbalanced clinical documents. It enriches ICD labels with external terms, models dependencies among related codes, and strengthens the alignment between label semantics and clinical evidence, particularly for rare codes. Experiments demonstrate that CoLa-ICD achieves state‑of‑the‑art performance in AUC, F1, and P@k, with larger gains in larger and sparser label spaces.

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