Beyond the principle-practice gap: Responsible AI as situated epistemic and ethical practice

The paper argues that the commonly cited gap between ethical principles and AI practice is not merely a matter of implementation or compliance, but arises from the complex institutional and professional contexts in which AI actors operate. Through interviews with designers and governors of anti‑trafficking AI systems, it identifies four interconnected moments—perception, judgement, situated action, and socio‑technical materialisation—through which ethical concerns are recognised, weighed, and either realised or sidelined. The authors contend that responsible AI governance must build epistemic infrastructures that transcend these constraints, enabling the knowledge of affected communities and potential harms to be effectively integrated into design and governance.

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