arXiv AI By Haya Halimeh, Sascha Kaltenpoth, Kevin B\"osch, Oliver M\"uller

A Dual-Process Perspective on Nudge Susceptibility in LLM-Based GUI Agents

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The study examines how large language model (LLM)–based graphical user interface (GUI) agents respond to digital nudges. Using Dual‑Process Theory, researchers tested 3,600 agents across six frontier models in an online shopping experiment and found that the agents were susceptible to both automatic (Type 1) and reflective (Type 2) nudges. The agents’ reasoning configuration moderated these effects in opposite directions: extensive reasoning reduced susceptibility to automatic default nudges but increased susceptibility to reflective social‑influence nudges, with the effect systematically varying by model scale.

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