TokenRouter is a new serving system designed for token‑level routing of large language models (LLMs). It adopts a request‑centric programming model and launches a dedicated subserver for each LLM, using delayed‑batching schedulers whose hyperparameters are derived from a throughput model. Across various routing algorithms, workloads, and model pairs, TokenRouter delivers 2.01‑64.15× higher decoding throughput than existing systems, markedly improving the efficiency of token‑level LLM inference.
By Tianyu Fu, Tengxuan Liu, Ruoxi Wang, Yixin Dong, Yi Ge, Yichen You, Yu Wang
arXiv:2412. 04504v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: As large language models (LLMs) grow in popularity for their diverse capabilities, improving the efficiency of their inference systems has become increasingly critical.
By Ozgur Guldogan, Jackson Kunde, Kangwook Lee, Ramtin Pedarsani
arXiv:2504. 11320v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large language models now serve millions of users daily, with providers incurring costs exceeding $700,000 per day.
By Ruicheng Ao, Gan Luo, David Simchi-Levi, Xinshang Wang
arXiv:2606. 00516v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Mixed batching (MB)--interleaving prefill and decode in a single batch--has become the standard scheduling strategy for large language model (LLM) inference due to its efficiency in maximizing compute and memory utilization.
By Weifang Zhang, Yuzhou Nie, Bowen Pang, Guangrui Ma, Shining Wu
arXiv:2608.28044v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: Large language model (LLM) inference serving is priced by tokens, but GPU energy is consumed over inference windows. This accounting mismatch makes t...
By Prabhu Vellaisamy, Vanessa Lam, Shawn Blanton, John Paul Shen
Scorpio is an LLM serving system that optimizes for heterogeneous Service Level Objectives (SLOs) such as Time to First Token (TTFT) and Time Per Output Token (TPOT). It uses adaptive scheduling across admission control, queue management, and batch selection, featuring a TTFT Guard that reorders requests by least-deadline-first and rejects unattainable ones, and a TPOT Guard that employs VBS-based admission control and a credit-based batching mechanism. Predictive modules support both guards, and evaluations show Scorpio can increase system goodput by up to 14.4× and improve SLO adherence by up to 46.5% under high load compared to state-of-the-art baselines.
By Yinghao Tang, Tingfeng Lan, Bo Pan, Xiuqi Huang, Hui Lu, Wei Chen
arXiv:2606. 18431v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: LLM serving exhibits extreme length variability, making size-based scheduling difficult in practice.
By Yueying Li, Yuanfan Chen, Jiayang Chen, Esha Choukse, Haoran Qiu, G. Edward Suh, Rodrigo Fonseca, Ziv Scully, Udit Gupta
arXiv:2508. 06133v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We study offline scheduling for large language model (LLM) serving under a fixed KV-cache memory budget, where requests have heterogeneous prompt (prefill) and response (decode) lengths.
By Meixuan Wang, Yinyu Ye, Zijie Zhou
The paper investigates how different parallelism strategies—tensor parallelism (TP), pipeline parallelism (PP), and hybrids—affect the trade‑off between time‑to‑first‑token (TTFT) and inter‑token latency (ITL) in large language model inference. It introduces a framework that maps feasible TTFT‑ITL regions and Pareto frontiers for various workloads, revealing a shift from TP‑dominant to PP‑dominant configurations as prefill work increases. The authors also present an SLO‑aware selection method based on goodput, showing that stricter TTFT goals favor PP, while relaxed constraints move toward TP, and they demonstrate that longer contexts further favor PP for scalability and SLO attainment.
By Javad Mirzaei, Jeebak Mitra
arXiv:2512. 22420v5 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates LLM inference by verifying draft tokens in parallel.
By Rui Li, Zhaoning Zhang, Libo Zhang, Huaimin Wang, Xiang Fu, Zhiquan Lai
arXiv:2609.08307v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as backends for intelligent web services, but serving them across the edge continuum requires bala...
By Maysam Khatib, Moysis Symeonides, Demetris Trihinas, George Pallis, Marios D. Dikaiakos
arXiv:2609.17193v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Large language model (LLM)-powered agentic AI services increasingly demand low-latency inference, motivating the deployment of LLMs across distributed...
By Zhen Li, Jun Cai, Haoran Gao, An Li, Tan Li