The paper investigates how the choice of loss function versus the choice of forecasting model affects cryptocurrency volatility predictions. By comparing seven loss functions and five models, and aligning forecast levels before evaluation, the study finds that after level adjustment model choice dominates performance differences, while loss-induced variations largely disappear. The work clarifies that apparent loss effects in raw comparisons are largely due to forecast level differences rather than intrinsic model performance.
By Andrzej Tokajuk, Jaros{\l}aw A. Chudziak
arXiv:2608. 03259v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: As time-series foundation models have emerged, the need for benchmarks that can evaluate their forecasting ability in meaningful ways has become increasingly important.
By Jaehoon Lee, Jun Seo, Seunghan Lee, Tae Yoon Lim, Dongwan Kang, Hwanil Choi, Minjae Kim, Sungdong Yoo, Junhyeok Kang, Sangjun Han, Soonyoung Lee, Wonbin Ahn
arXiv:2606. 03184v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Financial forecasting is difficult due to low signal-to-noise ratios, latent factors, heavy tails, regime shifts, and jumps.
By Jiaze Sun, Kelvin J. L. Koa, Ruiyang Ni, Yize Liu, Haonan Chen, Ke-Wei Huang
The paper critiques the prevalent use of mean squared error (MSE) for evaluating irregular time‑series forecasting, arguing that MSE is biased by timestamp sampling distributions. It introduces the Continuous‑time Squared Error (CSE), an importance‑weighted metric that theoretically offers a tighter asymptotic bound on continuous‑time risk than MSE. A comprehensive benchmark across synthetic, semi‑synthetic, and eight real‑world datasets demonstrates that CSE more accurately recovers continuous‑time risk, revealing limitations of relying solely on MSE.
By Rongwen Li, Haixin Xie, Xiao Wang, Changjian Chen
Existing research on irregular time-series forecasting has primarily focused on model design, while evaluation metrics remain insufficiently studied. Existing benchmarks typically use mean squared error (MSE) as the evaluation metric.
arXiv:2411. 17136v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Realised volatility has become increasingly prominent in volatility forecasting due to its ability to capture intraday price fluctuations.
By Qianli Zhao, Chao Wang, Richard Gerlach, Giuseppe Storti, Lingxiang Zhang
arXiv:2607. 22491v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Volatility forecasting is dominated by persistence and measurement noise, leaving limited residual structure for nonlinear models to exploit.
By Aliaksei Kaliutau
arXiv:2606. 27688v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: In financial forecasting, predictive performance depends not only on which model is trained, but also on how the trained model is deployed.
By Riku Green, Zahraa S. Abdallah, Telmo M Silva Filho
arXiv:2606. 02117v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Probabilistic time series forecasting has attracted increasing attention in financial applications due to the need to quantify risk and uncertainty in future observations.
By Tingting Wang, Yunyi Zhang, Benyou Wang
Probabilistic time series forecasting has attracted increasing attention in financial applications due to the need to quantify risk and uncertainty in future observations. We propose ProbRes, a post-hoc probabilistic calibration method that explicitly learns and incorporates volatility dynamics into probabilistic forecasting, enabling effective handling of heteroskedastic data.
arXiv:2608. 14106v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: When forecasting hourly returns for 1,000 US equities, we observe an unexpected phenomenon: predictions become nearly flat and show poor stock ranking, as measured by cross-sectional correlation.
By Shu Wan, Miles Ma, Hank Zhu, Guangqi Liu, Stephen Wang, Qingsong Wen, Huan Liu
arXiv:2512. 23847v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We develop a statistical procedure to detect lookahead bias in economic forecasts generated by large language models (LLMs).
By Zhenyu Gao, Wenxi Jiang, Yutong Yan