The paper introduces Abductive Autonomous Scientific Discovery (AASD), a framework that uses possibility theory to guide large language models in generating and testing hypotheses while preserving statistical validity. It defines abductive utility as a computable metric for discovery progress and presents possibility frontier search, the first algorithm for AASD, which maintains anytime validity and asymptotically achieves ε‑optimal abductive utility under suitable conditions. Experiments on both synthetic and real‑world scientific‑discovery tasks demonstrate strong performance of the proposed method.
arXiv:2602. 06448v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large Language Model (LLM)-based scientific agents have accelerated scientific discovery, yet they often suffer from significant inefficiencies due to adherence to fixed initial priors.
arXiv:2606. 29182v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Open-ended scientific discovery with large language models (LLMs) increasingly operates as a long-horizon loop of hypothesis search and verification, where a reward signal guides which hypotheses to test next.
arXiv:2606. 11851v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Open-ended scientific discovery asks agents to move beyond executing analyses for predefined questions.
The paper introduces HorizonMath, a benchmark of 113 largely unsolved mathematical problems across eight domains, paired with an open-source framework for automated verification. It focuses on the generator‑verifier gap, targeting problems that are hard to discover but easy to verify computationally, thereby avoiding costly formal proof verification or manual review. Using this framework, the authors found six novel solutions—three each from GPT‑5.4 Pro and GPT‑5.6 Sol—demonstrating that current models can contribute to mathematical research, while most state‑of‑the‑art models score below 10%.
arXiv:2605. 22681v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: AI systems are increasingly used to support forward-looking scientific judgment, but it remains unclear whether they can form reliable expectations about future scientific advances.
arXiv:2610.18025v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Test-time scaling has enabled LLMs to solve increasingly complex reasoning, discovery, and optimization tasks. However, existing approaches often gathe...
arXiv:2606. 10587v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are on the rise for accelerating scientific discovery, most recently in advanced tasks such as generating valid scientific hypotheses.
arXiv:2608. 02775v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Scientific discovery has advanced through successive transformations in the organization of knowledge.
arXiv:2606. 26728v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Scientific discovery is fundamentally an optimization problem, defined by a vast "state space" of theories and experiments, and an evaluation criterion based on quality, novelty, and validity.
Scientific discovery is fundamentally an optimization problem, defined by a vast "state space" of theories and experiments, and an evaluation criterion based on quality, novelty, and validity. Large language models (LLMs) have enabled automated exploration of this space, but we argue that simultaneous modification of the evaluation criteria is equally important.
arXiv:2607. 10039v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Machine learning (ML) has become integral to fundamental physics, accelerating statistical workflows from data acquisition through inference and hypothesis testing.
EurekaBench is a cross‑domain benchmark designed to assess AI agents’ capacity to discover new scientific insights. It comprises 26 long‑horizon tasks spanning fields such as neuroscience, chemistry, and astrophysics, with 306 expected insights that mechanisms should support. The evaluation measures adherence to scientific constraints, predictive accuracy, and the ability to generate insights or guide future research, revealing that current AI agents excel at prediction but lag in producing meaningful scientific insights.