Large language models

Model releases, architecture work and prompting research on large language models — from frontier-lab announcements to the arXiv papers behind them.

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Sebastian Raschka
Sep 29

Language Models for Text Classification: From Bag-of-Words to Jev

The article titled "Language Models for Text Classification: From Bag-of-Words to Jev" offers a visual guide that explores various neural network architectures—including RNNs, CNNs, and Transformers—alongside calibration techniques. It includes hands‑on experiments that compare the accuracy and efficiency of these models for text classification tasks.

By Sebastian Raschka, PhD
OpenAI Blog
Sep 29

Introducing GPT-6.1 Sol

OpenAI introduces GPT‑6.1 Sol, a new model described as near‑Astra intelligence for coding, computer use, and professional work. It offers these capabilities at one‑fifth of Astra’s standard API input and output token prices, implying a more cost‑effective solution for developers and businesses.

OpenAI Blog
Sep 29

DevDay 2026 Recap

The OpenAI DevDay 2026 recap highlights over 20 new announcements, featuring the GPT‑6 Astra model, updates to ChatGPT and Codex, expanded APIs, enhanced security measures, and fresh tools designed for developers.

arXiv Machine Learning
Sep 29

Low-Bit Recurrent States in Hybrid Language Models

The paper introduces a method for quantizing the fixed‑size recurrent states of hybrid language models to as few as four bits per token. By deriving distortion weights from the observability Gramian and combining them with normalized state ranges, the authors achieve mixed‑precision bit allocation without requiring calibration data, rotation, or additional training. The approach also logarithmically quantizes decay rates, yielding significant reductions in excess negative log‑likelihood—up to 27.9× better than seven baselines—while maintaining near‑FP32 performance at six bits.

By Hongren Chen, Jiayang He
arXiv Machine Learning
Sep 29

The Residual Stream's Effective Depth

The paper introduces effective depth (Deff), a scalar diagnostic that treats a transformer’s layer‑wise residual stream as a discrete‑time process and measures how representation similarity decays with layer distance. Across sixteen decoder‑only language models, Deff reveals that most models exhibit a lower similarity decay than the closed‑form reference, indicating correlated residual updates rather than unused depth. The study also shows that this effect is robust to various controls and persists early in training, suggesting Deff is a global accumulated‑state diagnostic rather than a capability score.

By Barak Gahtan, Ido Galil, Alex M. Bronstein