Large language models

Model releases, architecture work and prompting research on large language models — from frontier-lab announcements to the arXiv papers behind them.

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arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

Explore Broadly, Reason Sharply: Push Small Models toward the Frontier via Sampling

arXiv:2609.38104v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Power-sharpened sampling is an inference-time alternative to reinforcement-learning (RL) post-training for enhancing reasoning in large language models...

By Panagiotis Theodoropoulos, Nan Jiang, Xintong Duan, Ali Hasan, Yuriy Nevmyvaka, Evangelos A. Theodorou, Wei Deng

llms reinforcement-learning safety

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

Hyperspherical Semantic Trajectory Analysis: Mapping Technological Diffusion across Academic Preprints, Patent Signals, and Compute Scaling

arXiv:2609.35845v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Macroeconomic productivity metrics, such as Total Factor Productivity, register technological breakthroughs with multi-year reporting lags due to adm...

By Muhammad Sukri Bin Ramli

llms rag diffusion

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

In-Context Learning for Robots: Methods and Applications

arXiv:2609.36012v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: General-purpose robots must infer what a new task requires and translate that understanding into appropriate physical action. In-context learning (IC...

By Haojian Huang, Zexi Li, Junhao Guo, Yehang Zhang, Wenxuan Peng, Bohan Zhou, Weilin Ruan, Leyi Wu, Chenxu Wang, Jianchong Su, Binghui Xie, Wosong Chen, Yingjie Xu, Tianhao Zhou, Suzeyu Chen, Pukun Zhao, Jiaqi He, Xinyi Li, Runze Li, Peiran Dong, Shaoxiang Dang, Jing Huang, Yingbing Chen, Yifan Chang, Tianyi Zhang, Shiyuan Deng, Haozhi Wang, Yangkai Wei, Wenqian Li, Han Yang, Kaiwen Zhou, Huaping Liu, James Cheng, Rui Shao, Donglin Wang, Yaochu Jin, Jianye Hao, Ying-Cong Chen, Yinchuan Li

llms agents robotics

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

FastGuide: Accelerating Reward Guidance for Diffusion Large Language Models

arXiv:2609.36202v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Gradient-based reward guidance provides a flexible way to use downstream reward models to control masked diffusion language models at inference time....

By Darshan Thaker, Lachlan Ewen MacDonald, Ren\'e Vidal

llms diffusion reinforcement-learning benchmarks

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

FinRT: Distilling Adaptive Red-Teaming Strategies into Reusable Adversarial Generators in Consumer Finance

arXiv:2609.36474v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: In regulated industries like consumer finance, seemingly harmless user queries can exploit large language model vulnerabilities, triggering safety fa...

By Rikhiya Ghosh, Himanshu Kumar, Sriram Venkatapathy, Sahil Wadhwa, Alexandre G. R. Day, Pranab Mohanty

llms safety

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

Seeing Is Not Addressing: Auditing Linguistic Access to Frozen Visual Geometry

arXiv:2609.37230v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Visual distinctions are often finer than those reflected in linguistic conceptualization. Vision-language models exhibit a similar asymmetry: a disti...

By Woosang Jeon, Jiwon Yang, Soo Chung, Taehyeong Kim

llms diffusion multimodal safety

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

Backdoor Mitigation in Decentralized LLM Fine-Tuning

arXiv:2609.37367v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Decentralized large language model (LLM) fine-tuning lets organizations collaboratively train a shared LLM on data they cannot pool, without a centra...

By Sayan Biswas, Jade Garcia Bourr\'ee, Rachid Guerraoui, Maxime Jacovella, Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Sathwika Peechara, Martijn de Vos, Milos Vujasinovic

llms fine-tuning multimodal benchmarks

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

Do Evidence-Reading Diagnostics Improve Interface Selection in Small LLM Recommenders?

arXiv:2609.37472v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Behavioral tests measure how a language model reads evidence. We ask whether those measurements help choose a recommendation interface. We evaluate s...

By Han Chen, Yingrui Li

llms

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

PoE-Fuse: Precision-Weighted Expert Fusion for Bi-Temporal Change Understanding

arXiv:2609.37485v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Bi-temporal change understanding, which localizes and characterizes what changed between two satellite images, is central to disaster response and en...

By Haruki Watase, Shunya Nagashima, Takayuki Nishimura

llms reinforcement-learning fine-tuning multimodal

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

FORUM: Frozen Outputs Reconciled Using Model Agreement for Visual Grounding

arXiv:2609.37488v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Frozen multimodal large language models (MLLMs) now solve standard referring expression comprehension with a single prompted call, yet on adversarial...

By Taiyo Sato, Takamasa Sanda, Keisuke Maeda, Takahiro Ogawa, Miki Haseyama, Shunya Nagashima

llms multimodal benchmarks safety

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

CompOrca: Corpus-Scale Compliance Labelling of Instruction-Tuning Data

arXiv:2609.37807v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Studying how fine-tuning shapes refusal and noncompliance behaviour requires identifying training examples that refuse, evade or otherwise fail to fu...

By Philipp E. Glass, Alina Miron

llms fine-tuning

arXiv AI

Sep 30

Information Bottleneck-Guided Adaptive Hypergraph Transformer for Brain Disease Diagnosis

arXiv:2609.37220v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Exploring high-order correlations and long-range dependencies in brain networks holds significant value for both neuroscience research and clinical dia...

By Jingxi Feng, Xudong Chen, Yifan Zhang, Heming Xu, Hongcheng Han, Xijing Wang, Dong Zhang, Shaoyi Du

llms benchmarks

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

SYNCR: Diagnosing and Learning Cross-Video Reasoning from Simulation

arXiv:2609.37918v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reasoning across videos requires aligning events, matching identities, comparing motion, and integrating partial observations. Evaluating these capab...

By Sara Ghazanfari, Siddharth Garg, Prashanth Krishnamurthy, Farshad Khorrami

llms fine-tuning multimodal benchmarks

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

MONOVAB : An Annotated Corpus for Bangla Multi-label Emotion Detection

arXiv:2309.15670v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: In recent years, Sentiment Analysis (SA) and Emotion Recognition (ER) have been increasingly popular in the Bangla language, which is the seventh m...

By Sumit Kumar Banshal, Sajal Das, Shumaiya Akter Shammi, Narayan Ranjan Chakraborty, Vedika Gupta, Mousumi Karmakar

llms nlp

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

MCPTox: A Benchmark for Tool Poisoning Attack on Real-World MCP Servers

arXiv:2508.14925v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: By providing a standardized interface for LLM agents to interact with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is quickly becoming a...

By Zhiqiang Wang, Yichao Gao, Yanting Wang, Suyuan Liu, Haifeng Sun, Haoran Cheng, Guanquan Shi, Haohua Du, Xiangyang Li

llms agents benchmarks safety

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

Vision Wormhole: Latent-Space Communication in Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems

arXiv:2602.15382v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Heterogeneous multi-agent systems combine models with different capabilities through a common communication interface. Exchanging internal st...

By Xiaoze Liu, Ruowang Zhang, Weichen Yu, Siheng Xiong, Liu He, Feijie Wu, Hoin Jung, Matt Fredrikson, Xiaoqian Wang, Jing Gao

llms agents efficiency multimodal benchmarks safety

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

IR-SIM: A Lightweight Declarative Simulator for Navigation Learning and Benchmarking

arXiv:2606.08729v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Developing navigation policies requires simulation scenarios that support repeatable training and evaluation. Despite the availability of num...

By Ruihua Han, Shuai Wang, Chengyang Li, Rui Gao, Xinyi Wang, Zhe Liu, Guoliang Li, Yupu Lu, Qi Hao, Jia Pan, Hengshuang Zhao

llms agents reinforcement-learning robotics benchmarks

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

Instability Floors: Separating Bias from Noise in Fairness Audits of Clinical LLM Agents with FairMedAgent

arXiv:2609.03221v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Counterfactual fairness audits of clinical language-model agents report a flip rate: how often an action changes when only the patient's demo...

By Rohith Reddy Bellibatlu, Manpreet Singh, Deepak Parashar, Rahul Joshi

llms agents safety

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

OpenTumorBoard: A Real-World Benchmark of Multidisciplinary Tumor Board Discussion Trajectories

arXiv:2609.32810v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Multidisciplinary tumor boards integrate multimodal clinical observations and longitudinal patient histories through specialist discussions,...

By Anqi Li, Zhixuan Ge, Yixuan Duan, Jiarong Qian, Chi-Yu Chen, MingYu Lu, Huan-Yu Hsu, Yu Gu, Yue Guo, Sheng Wang, Wei Qiu, Hanwen Xu

llms reinforcement-learning fine-tuning multimodal benchmarks safety

arXiv Machine Learning

Sep 30

Greenpixie's AI Token Methodology: Assessing the Energy, Water and CO2-eq Impact of AI Tokens for Open and Closed Weight Models

arXiv:2609.33965v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We describe a methodology for estimating the per-token energy cost of cloud-hosted large language model (LLM) inference, separating between i...

By Joshua Horswill, Ross Hunter, Matt Clifford, James Hall

llms robotics benchmarks

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