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When 2D Cues Fail: Improving Image Manipulation Localization with Reliable 3D Geometry

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Existing image manipulation localization (IML) methods rely heavily on 2D forensic cues, such as low-level artifacts, noise traces, and semantic inconsistencies in the manipulated image. While effective in many cases, these cues become much less discriminative when manipulated regions are well blended with their surrounding context in appearance.

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