Type-Driven Tokenization for Brahmic Scripts
Read the original on arXiv Computation and Language →The Flow has not summarised this story yet — read it at arXiv Computation and Language.
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arXiv:2607. 23319v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Standard subword tokenization algorithms such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) and SentencePiece are trained predominantly on modern language corpora and produce inefficient segmentations when applied to classical Indian languages.
The paper shows that HuggingFace’s ByteLevel pre‑tokenizer, which treats a word as a sequence of Unicode letters, splits abugida scripts at every vowel sign, creating a training‑free lower bound on tokenizer fertility. Across 26 languages, all 17 abugidas exhibit increased token counts (up to 9×), while Latin, Cyrillic, Hangul, and Han remain unchanged. The authors demonstrate that correcting the character class reduces Nepali token counts, improves model performance, and that this issue is widespread in popular HuggingFace models.
The article examines how Byte‑Pair Encoding (BPE) tokenization handles Polish, an inflectional language, and finds that BPE tends to stabilize frequent surface fragments of grammatical exponents rather than true grammatical categories. It introduces the concept of grammatical form anchoring, showing that certain Polish verb forms can signal the speaking subject without an explicit pronoun, and highlights that language models may lack a stable grammatical "I" and can shift gender or mirror user forms. The study proposes Roclawski’s segmentation‑flexional forms as a diagnostic framework and suggests that more stable Polish modeling would require sublexical stabilization, anchoring grammatical form in the inflectional system, and maintaining the grammatical "I" in dialogue.
arXiv:2511. 15709v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Recent works have shown that tokenisation is NP-complete.
SuTRA (Structurally-Unified Tokenization with Root Awareness) is a morphology-aware tokenization algorithm designed to address the problem of Morphological Shattering in morphologically rich Indic languages. It preserves the indivisibility of aksharas—complex orthographic syllables—by penalizing merges that cross morphological boundaries, thereby reducing over-fragmentation of words. The authors also release a new morphological segmentation dataset for Hindi, Marathi, and Gujarati, and demonstrate that SuTRA improves morphological alignment by up to 14.7% and semantic recoverability by 34% over BPE, leading to an average machine translation gain of +8.08 chrF2.
TokEval is a tokenizer evaluation suite that introduces metrics beyond traditional fertility and compression rate, capturing linguistically and structurally meaningful properties such as UTF‑8 character boundary integrity and digit place‑value alignment for mathematics. The authors validate these metrics by pretraining language models with varied tokenizers and measuring downstream performance on bits‑per‑byte and benchmarks covering linguistic understanding, mathematical reasoning, and code generation. Their results show that information‑theoretic metrics predict language modeling performance, while structure‑sensitive metrics correlate with task accuracy, suggesting TokEval can guide tokenizer selection more principledly.