arXiv:2509.00141v2 Announce Type: replace-cross
Abstract: Statutory corpora and judicial decisions are growing faster than legal professionals can read them, while individual judgments often exceed t...
By Anuraj Maurya
The paper presents a smartphone‑compatible, retrieval‑augmented language model tailored to Bangladeshi statutory law. By distilling a 9‑billion‑parameter Gemma‑2 teacher into a 2‑billion‑parameter student using supervised fine‑tuning and QLoRA, the authors achieve significant gains in ROUGE‑L and BERTScore on an English benchmark while keeping the model lightweight (1.6 GB) and operable offline on a Pixel 6. The system retrieves from 36,029 statutory passages using a hybrid dense/BM25 approach, and cross‑lingual evaluation shows effective Bangla query handling against an English‑only corpus, with a practicing lawyer rating the responses highly in a pilot study.
By MD. Nafis Kamal, Mahadi Hasan Fahim, Talha Ridwan, Nadifa Zaman, Fariha Roushon Florin, Farig Yousuf Sadeque, Saadat Rafid Ahmed
The paper introduces three retrieval methods for Polish statutory law that use language‑model annotations attached to articles as surrogates. The methods—ASCR, ASCR‑H, and DTF—vary in cost and quality, with ASCR‑H achieving the highest rank‑one accuracy on bar exam questions, while DTF offers competitive performance with lower latency and cost. Extensive evaluation against 14 baselines on 300 exam questions demonstrates significant improvements in head‑rank accuracy and discusses limitations such as coverage asymmetry and negative results for lemmatisation, pseudo‑relevance feedback, and query rewriting.
By Orkun Yi\u{g}it Cengiz
The paper investigates how large language models (LLMs) internally encode legal knowledge, specifically the 26 CATO factors used in case-based legal reasoning. Experiments on three open models (Qwen3-1.7B, Qwen3-8B, Gemma-2 2B) demonstrate that all factors are linearly decodable and can be localized to single-layer readouts, with high test AUCs (0.86–1.00). The study identifies 78 model‑specific layer‑feature coordinates, linking symbolic legal abstractions (HYPO and CATO) to learned internal representations in LLMs.
By Li Zhang, Kevin Ashley
arXiv:2608. 18752v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Statutory retrieval is necessary for citation-grounded legal question answering, but remains underexplored for Greek.
By Ernest Beta, Odysseas S. Chlapanis, Dimitrios Galanis, Ion Androutsopoulos
arXiv:2607. 03325v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We present an automated pipeline that decomposes Italian tax-court judgments into individual legal issues and extracts, for each issue, a structured XML representation grounded in the IRAC framework and the legal syllogism.
By Giovanni Piccioli, Alessia Fidelangeli, Piera Santin, Pierpaolo Vivo