SOTER: A Generative Time-Series Foundation Model for Wearable Human Physiological Signals
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SOTER is a generative foundation model designed for wearable physiological time‑series data. It integrates cross‑channel coupling, spectrum‑guided expert specialization, and continuous‑time latent evolution, using a spatial feature‑aware backbone, a PSD‑guided mixture‑of‑experts layer, and a neural controlled differential equation decoder. Trained on 226 billion time points from five public datasets, SOTER outperforms baselines in zero‑shot forecasting, classification, and imputation across six benchmarks, and remains robust to additive noise.
The paper introduces a new evaluation protocol for deep multivariate imputation models on wearable device data, addressing the issue of structured missingness where sensor features drop out together. Using a Garmin smartwatch dataset from an epilepsy patient, the authors generate realistic block-missing patterns from training data and show that matching the training protocol to this distribution reduces BRITS’ mean absolute error by 43%. They also extend BRITS with time‑of‑day encoding and compare it to linear interpolation and SAITS, finding that no single model dominates and that model rankings vary with evaluation design.
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