arXiv AI By Rui Sun, Xihan Xiong, Qin Wang, Fei Gao, Zelin Li, Zehua Cheng, Jiahao Sun, Zhipeng Wang

SoK: Decentralized Agent Economic Infrastructure

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arXiv AI
Sep 2

A Formal Analysis of Agent Payment Protocols

The paper presents a formal analysis of four agent payment protocols—x402, MPP, ACP, and AP2—using the Tamarin prover. By modeling each protocol’s roles, state, and trust assumptions, the authors verify 86 cases, reproducing 46 known results and uncovering 40 new formal-consistency findings. They further validate ten findings through implementation proofs of concept, SDK/schema witnesses, and executable traces, highlighting the importance of consistent delegated authorization across all protocol stages.

By Ke Jiang, Mohan Yu, Yuan Chang, Mohit Kumar Jangid, Jianyu Niu, Cong Wang, Yinqian Zhang