arXiv AI By Xin-Yu Hu, Shuang Liang, Cheng Feng, Shao-Qun Zhang

SGA: Uncertainty Quantification for Multi-Step Forecasting in Time Series Foundation Models

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The paper introduces SGA, a method for quantifying uncertainty in multi‑step forecasts from Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs). SGA models all possible forecast branches as a directed acyclic graph, using the graph’s complexity—derived from topology and TSFM stochasticity—to bound and measure uncertainty. Experiments on 11 TSFMs across 27 datasets show that SGA outperforms existing uncertainty‑quantification methods, offers broader sampling coverage, and reveals that larger TSFMs tend to produce lower uncertainty estimates.

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