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This survey reviews over 100 studies on implementing reinforcement learning (RL) on field‑programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and integrated circuits (ICs), covering a wide range of RL families from model‑based Markov decision processes to deep RL and multi‑agent methods. It organizes the literature by abstraction level, hardware realization strategy, and application domain, and evaluates key metrics such as resource utilization, latency, throughput, and power consumption. The paper identifies common architectural patterns, practical limitations, and open research challenges, offering a unified reference for researchers developing RL‑driven hardware systems.
arXiv:2512. 22560v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Agentic Reinforcement Learning (RL) trains LLMs through multi-turn interactions with environments, producing workloads that mix compute-bound prefill, bandwidth-bound decoding, CPU-heavy environment execution, and bursty reward evaluation.
arXiv:2609.24456v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Distributed reinforcement learning (RL) scales training by parallelizing actors and learners around an Experience Buffer. As RL workloads grow, howev...
ReFlow is a system‑algorithm co‑designed framework for efficient reinforcement learning (RL) post‑training of large language models (LLMs). It introduces replay‑driven decoupling, allowing recent trajectories to be reused multiple times to amortize rollout costs while limiting policy staleness. The architecture features a dual replay cycle, an elastic resource pool, and an adaptive scheduler, achieving up to 2.06× higher training throughput compared to existing synchronous and asynchronous RL systems without sacrificing model performance.
arXiv:2605. 26418v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: A properly calibrated rule-based autoscaler can beat every one of six mainstream deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms on cost across every workload we test - so when, if ever, does DRL actually help?
arXiv:2606. 24340v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has been shifting toward batteryless, energy-harvesting architectures.