arXiv Statistics ML By Julia Wenkmann, Damien Garreau

On The Variability of Concept Activation Vectors

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The paper investigates how Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs), used for concept‑based explanations in AI, vary due to the randomness in sampling training examples. A theoretical analysis shows that the variance of CAVs decreases roughly as 1/N, where N is the number of sampled examples. Experiments across four modalities confirm this relationship, leading to practical guidelines for efficiently applying CAVs.

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