AlcaTRAz is a prompt‑level defense that uses rule trees to insert controlled character‑level perturbations into input text, disrupting jailbreak attacks without modifying or retraining the target LLM. It operates solely on the input, making it suitable for black‑box deployments, and was evaluated on 33 open‑weight models and 22 jailbreak types, outperforming three baseline defenses in 73.4 % of model‑attack combinations. While it significantly reduces high‑severity jailbreak success, it does not eliminate it and is intended as one layer of a broader defense strategy.
By Jakub Re\v{s}, Petr Ka\v{s}ka, Martin Pere\v{s}\'ini, Martin Ukrop, Kamil Malinka
arXiv:2509. 03985v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: In deployment and application, large language models (LLMs) typically undergo safety alignment to prevent illegal and unethical outputs.
By Chuhan Zhang, Ye Zhang, Bowen Shi, Yuyou Gan, Tianyu Du, Shouling Ji, Dazhan Deng, Yingcai Wu
arXiv:2508. 10029v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Safety-aligned large language models can still be manipulated through white-box interventions that modify their internal representations.
By Wenpeng Xing, Bohan Yang, Mohan Li, Chunqiang Hu, Haitao Xu, Ningyu Zhang, Bo Lin, Meng Han
arXiv:2606. 20470v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Agentic AI systems increasingly rely on language-model components to interpret instructions, process external data, invoke tools, and coordinate with other agents.
By Reza Soosahabi, Vivek Namsani
The paper introduces a self‑evolving defense framework for large language models that uses a persistent, cross‑interaction rule memory to adapt to new jailbreak attacks. When an attack succeeds, the system abstracts the failure into a method‑level rule that captures the structural attack wrapper, allowing the rule to generalize across an entire attack family. This memory‑based adaptation operates without parameter updates, works with both open‑weight and black‑box models, and has been shown to reduce attack success rates while preserving benign utility across multiple jailbreak families.
By Tongyan Hu, Bryan Hooi
The paper presents a systematic study of combining defenses against jailbreak attacks on Large Language Models across different pipeline stages. It introduces a standardized evaluation framework that defines attack-success-rate, controls query budgets, and applies explicit fairness rules. Across 19 attacks and 15 defenses, the study finds that no single defense dominates, but carefully selected combinations can provide strong safety with minimal loss of utility, offering practical guidance for layered defense pipelines.
By Jiale Luo, Eric Han