Single-task fine-tuning of graph neural networks (GNNs) for power grid problems exhibits a systematic failure mode: models that achieve the lowest in-distribution error degrade the most under topology shift. We term this topology overfitting: the tendency of task-specific gradient signals to encode relational structure particular to the training topologies rather than the underlying physics, causing models to fail on unseen grids despite strong in-distribution performance.
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By Martin Sadric, Sebastian P\"utz, Christian Nauck, Veit Hagenmeyer, Frank Hellmann, Dirk Witthaut, Benjamin Sch\"afer
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