arXiv AI By Naveen Lamba, Sanju Tiwari, Manas Gaur

Hallucinations in LLMs: A Lifecycle-Based Survey of Causes, Detection, Mitigation, and Prevention

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The paper surveys hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) through a lifecycle lens, covering causes, detection, mitigation, and prevention. It categorizes hallucinations into data‑related, training‑related, and inference‑related stages, aligning each with specific interventions. The authors also review benchmark datasets and propose a standardized framework to diagnose and address hallucinations for safer, more reliable LLMs.

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arXiv Machine Learning
Sep 14

When Bias Pretends to Be Truth: How Spurious Correlations Undermine Hallucination Detection in LLMs

The paper examines a specific type of hallucination in large language models caused by spurious correlations—unintended, statistically prominent associations in training data such as surnames linked to nationalities. These hallucinations are confidently produced, persist regardless of model scaling or refusal fine‑tuning, and evade existing detection methods like confidence filtering and inner‑state probing. The authors use controlled synthetic experiments and evaluations on both open‑source and proprietary LLMs, including GPT‑5, to demonstrate the failure of current detection techniques and provide a theoretical explanation for why statistical biases undermine confidence‑based approaches.

By Shaowen Wang, Yiqi Dong, Ruinian Chang, Tansheng Zhu, Yuebo Sun, Kaifeng Lyu, Jian Li