FlyMark: Training-Free Invisible Watermarking of 3D Gaussian Splatting via a Fruit Fly Connectome

FlyMark is a training‑free invisible watermarking method for 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) scenes that embeds a keyed message directly into the scene’s parameter array. It uses directions derived from a published fruit‑fly connectome to encode bits via a dithered quantization‑index‑modulation scheme, achieving high clean bit accuracy and visual fidelity while preserving all geometry and appearance parameters exactly. Extraction requires only simple cone queries, rounding, and majority voting, and the watermark remains robust under a model‑domain threat model on both synthetic and real scenes.

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