The paper introduces Influence-Aware Policy Optimization (IAPO), a method that models multi‑turn agent rollouts as typed influence‑dependency graphs to better assign credit to actions based on how information and errors flow through user and tool interactions. IAPO transforms the structure of support and failure usage into routing weights that redistribute trajectory‑level advantage, enabling more effective learning from sparse final rewards. Experiments with Qwen3‑4B and Qwen3‑8B on three service‑agent benchmarks show that IAPO outperforms existing multi‑turn reinforcement learning baselines without harming function‑calling performance.
By Bo Ren, Yirong Mao, Yi Yang, Wenhui Que
arXiv:2607. 13988v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Multi-turn agents solve complex tasks through extended sequences of tool interactions before producing a final answer, making credit assignment a fundamental challenge during post-training.
By Leitian Tao, Baolin Peng, Wenlin Yao, Tao Ge, Hao Cheng, Mike Hang Wang, Jianfeng Gao, Sharon Li
arXiv:2606. 12384v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Recent advances in agentic Reinforcement Learning (RL) have substantially improved the multi-turn tool-use capabilities of large language model agents.
By Xucong Wang, Ziyu Ma, Yong Wang, Yuxiang Ji, Shidong Yang, Guanhua Chen, Pengkun Wang, Xiangxiang Chu
arXiv:2606. 09961v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Training large language models (LLMs) as autonomous agents via reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled frontier models to achieve superhuman performance in long-horizon tasks.
By Yu Han, Kailing Li, Yang Jiao, Yulin Dai, Yuqian Fu, Linhai Zhuo, Tianwen Qian
arXiv:2602. 11351v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Proactive large language model (LLM) agents aim to actively plan, query, and interact over multiple turns, enabling efficient task completion beyond passive instruction following and making them essential for real-world, user-centric applications.
By Yihang Yao, Zhepeng Cen, Haohong Lin, Shiqi Liu, Zuxin Liu, Jiacheng Zhu, Zhang-Wei Hong, Laixi Shi, Ding Zhao
The paper introduces Reverse‑Turn Policy Optimization (RTPO), a method that restructures multi‑turn agentic reinforcement learning rollouts into sparse reverse trees and updates policies in temporal reverse order. This approach addresses three key instability sources—context mismatch, weak turn‑level credit assignment, and asynchronous policy drift—by aligning each decision with its downstream continuation. Theoretical analysis shows RTPO eliminates context mismatch and drift, reduces credit bias, and converges to recursive optimality, while experiments demonstrate performance gains of 21.50% over trajectory‑level and 10.76% over turn‑level baselines on multi‑turn agentic RL benchmarks.
By Yugu Li, Jimmy Cao, Jianglin Qiao, Siyi Hu
arXiv:2606. 11119v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a promising approach for enhancing reasoning and agentic behavior in large language models.
By Heming Zou, Qi Wang, Yun Qu, Yuhang Jiang, Lizhou Cai, Yixiu Mao, Ru Peng, Xin Xu, Weijie Liu, Kai Yang, Saiyong Yang, Xiangyang Ji
The paper explores how dense, turn-level reward structures can improve reinforcement learning for large language model agents in multi-turn tasks. It introduces three reward granularity types—terminal, delayed, and per-turn—and adapts Group Relative Policy Optimization and Proximal Policy Optimization to each. Experiments on search and game agents show that per-turn rewards consistently yield better training dynamics, faster convergence, and higher answer correctness compared to sparse terminal or delayed rewards.
By Quan Wei, Siliang Zeng, Chenliang Li, Zhongruo Wang, William Brown, Oana Frunza, Wei Deng, Anderson Schneider, Yuriy Nevmyvaka, Yang Katie Zhao, Alfredo Garcia, Mingyi Hong
arXiv:2602. 08335v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools via multi-agent systems offers a promising new paradigm for decomposing and solving complex problems.
By Yanming Li, Xuelin Zhang, WenJie Lu, Ziye Tang, Maodong Wu, Haotian Luo, Tongtong Wu, Zijie Peng, Hongze Mi, Yibo Feng, Naiqiang Tan, Chao Huang, Lian Peng, Li Shen
arXiv:2606. 16215v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multi-turn tool-use agents must reason, call tools, and adapt to observations across several interaction turns.
By Zhenbang Du, Jun Luo, Zhiwei Zheng, Xiangchi Yuan, Kejing Xia, Dachuan Shi, Qirui Jin, Qijia He, Shaofeng Zou, Yingbin Liang, Wenke Lee
arXiv:2510. 05592v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Outcome-driven reinforcement learning has advanced reasoning in large language models (LLMs), but prevailing tool-augmented approaches train a single, monolithic policy that interleaves thoughts and tool calls under full context; this scales poorly with long horizons and diverse tools and generalizes weakly to new scenarios.
By Zhuofeng Li, Haoxiang Zhang, Seungju Han, Sheng Liu, Jianwen Xie, Yu Zhang, Yejin Choi, James Zou, Pan Lu
Long-horizon large language model (LLM) agents are typically optimized with sparse terminal outcomes, making fine-grained credit assignment across multi-step interactions difficult. Existing approache...