The paper presents a positive result contrasting Gold’s theorem by showing that a learner equipped with a recursive contrast operator and a bounded-capacity InfoNCE-style scorer can achieve PAC conditional identification from positive data alone. Under a faithfulness condition, the trained scorer ranks almost all positives above any out-of-language perturbation within their orbit, with polynomial sample complexity in the operator’s capacity, orbit size, score bound, and error tolerance. The method constructs negatives internally, avoids global normalization, and extends to a membership classifier and a normalization-free Metropolis–Hastings generator, with instantiations for substitutable context‑free and subregular languages.
whyItMatters":"The work demonstrates that contrastive learning can overcome classical limits on language identification by positive data, offering a concrete, sample‑efficient framework for learning structured language classes without external negative examples."
By Rakesh Sengupta
arXiv:2605. 11644v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We study positive-data learning of languages admitting reduced working binary linear nondeleting multiple context-free grammar presentations of bounded fan-out.
By Takayuki Kuriyama
arXiv:2605. 11644v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Positive data can show that two tuple occurrences share a successful sentence context without certifying that they are safely interchangeable.
By Takayuki Kuriyama
arXiv:2606. 25777v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We initiate a resource-aware theory of \textit{language generation in the limit} under the minimal constraint of space efficiency.
By Nicolas Flammarion, Chirag Pabbaraju, Hristo Papazov, Miltiadis Stouras, Ola Svensson
arXiv:2601.05280v4 Announce Type: replace-cross
Abstract: On the one hand, the question of whether Large Language Models (LLMs) are Solomonoff induction estimators has become an explicit question at...
By Hector Zenil, Abicumaran Uthamacumaran, Luan Ozelim
arXiv:2607. 12443v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Motivated by the power of large language models, there has been renewed interest in the Gold-Angluin model of language identification in the limit, with an eye toward variants of the model that might overcome the negative results for its original formulation.
By Moses Charikar, Jon Kleinberg, Chirag Pabbaraju
arXiv:2601. 05280v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: On the one hand, the question of whether large language models (LLMs) are Solomonoff induction estimators has become an explicit question at the intersection of Algorithmic Information Theory (AIT) and Machine Learning (ML) of great interest.
By Hector Zenil
The paper argues that Large Language Models (LLMs) do not function as Solomonoff induction estimators because their training objectives—cross‑entropy, negative log‑likelihood, and next‑token prediction—optimize fit to a supplied conditional distribution rather than a program‑weighted universal mixture. It further contends that additional computation alone does not transform these models into optimal predictors without external hyper‑parameter or architectural changes. The authors suggest that neurosymbolic machine learning, exemplified by models such as Fable and Astra, represents a shift toward symbolic model synthesis, moving beyond purely statistical LLMs.
By Hector Zenil, Abicumaran Uthamacumaran, Luan Ozelim
arXiv:2608. 25326v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In transductive classification, an adversary fixes a labeled population, one label is hidden uniformly, and the learner sees all remaining labels.
By Pahan Dewasurendra
arXiv:2607. 05791v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Boosting is a fundamental technique for generically improving the accuracy of learning algorithms (Schapire 1989).
By Addison Prairie, Li-Yang Tan
arXiv:2607. 19573v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Structural generalization has been measured repeatedly by several benchmarks, yet it has never been formally defined.
By Zichao Wei
arXiv:2607. 18305v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Some limits on what language models know are not gaps in data coverage but structural properties of learning from text.
By Priyansh Srivastava, Romit Chatterjee