arXiv AI
Jul 28
RareLens: Towards End-to-End Rare Disease Care via Aligning Divergent Large Language Model Reasoning
arXiv:2607. 23290v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Rare diseases collectively affect an estimated 3.
A specialized reasoning large language model for accelerating rare disease diagnosis: a randomized AI physician assistance trial
arXiv:2606. 24510v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Rare diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, yet timely diagnosis remains a major public health challenge due to scarcity of specialized clinical expertise.
Related stories
arXiv AI
1d ago
DiagnosisArena: Benchmarking Diagnostic Reasoning for Large Language Models
arXiv:2505. 14107v5 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The emergence of groundbreaking large language models capable of performing complex reasoning tasks holds significant promise for addressing various scientific challenges, including those arising in complex clinical scenarios.
arXiv AI
Jul 2
RareDxR1: Autonomous Medical Reasoning for Rare Disease Diagnosis Beyond Human Annotation
arXiv:2607. 00147v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Rare disease differential diagnosis is a critical yet arduous clinical task, requiring physicians to identify precise phenotypes from complex, unstructured patient symptoms and execute intricate reasoning within a vast search space.
arXiv AI
Jun 16
LiteOdyssey: A Lightweight Reasoning AI Agent for Interpretable Rare-Disease Diagnosis
arXiv:2606. 16149v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Most medical AI systems improve by scaling additional machinery: more fine-tuning data, more agents, and/or larger retrieval databases.
arXiv AI
6d ago
Teaching agentic AI to learn expert reasoning for rare disease diagnosis
arXiv:2606. 16149v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Rare disease diagnosis depends on expert reasoning that is scarce and difficult to transfer; off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) rank the correct disease first in only 35.
arXiv Machine Learning
Aug 7
Clinician input steers AI toward accurate and harmful recommendations
arXiv:2603. 14158v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are entering clinical workflows, yet evaluations rarely assess how clinician reasoning shapes model behavior during clinical interactions.
arXiv AI
Jul 10
Aligning Clinical Needs and AI Capabilities: A Survey on LLMs for Medical Reasoning
arXiv:2607. 07761v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as important tools in healthcare, showing growing potential for clinical reasoning and patient care.
arXiv AI
Jul 10
A safety-oriented hypothetico-deductive framework for AI-assisted differential diagnosis
arXiv:2607. 08038v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Diagnostic error is a major threat to patient safety, yet current large language model (LLM) systems often treat diagnosis as a one-shot prediction task, lacking safeguards against missed high-risk alternatives or rigorous verification of their reasoning.
arXiv AI
Jul 28
DeepLens Diagnosis Agent: Agentic Workflow Design Lets a Small Reasoning Model Compete with Frontier LLMs
arXiv:2607. 22555v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Medical diagnosis is a multi-stage process: extract facts, consult knowledge, generate a differential analysis, and select the best diagnosis with explanations.
arXiv AI
Jul 29
Aletheia: An Offline-First Clinical Decision Support System for Differential Diagnosis in Low-Resource Healthcare Settings
arXiv:2607. 24814v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Access to specialist clinical expertise remains severely limited across sub-Saharan Africa, where physician-to-patient ratios can fall below 1:25,000 in rural settings.
arXiv AI
Jun 17
First, do NOHARM: towards clinically safe large language models
arXiv:2512. 01241v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are routinely used by physicians and patients for medical advice, yet their clinical safety profiles remain poorly characterized.
arXiv AI
Aug 3
EarlyDx: An Admission-Anchored Benchmark for Open-Ended Generation of Evidence-Supported ED-Encounter Diagnoses
arXiv:2607. 28788v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Clinical diagnosis at hospital admission must be made rapidly from limited, incomplete evidence.