The paper introduces Calibrated User Embeddings (CUE), a framework that encodes real user sessions into continuous representations and decodes them into persona commands to steer large language models (LLMs) as user simulators without additional training. CUE enables user-conditioned replay of past interactions and generates novel personas that better align with real-user success rates and failure patterns. Evaluations on the τ²‑Bench dataset show that CUE‑driven simulators commit fewer simulator‑attributed errors, more accurately reproduce real‑user failure modes, and maintain competitive user fidelity across various tasks and LLMs.
arXiv:2605.12894v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed in settings where they interact with diverse users, including those who are uncle...
PersonaForge is a user‑simulation framework that generates realistic multi‑turn interactions between users and agentic systems, addressing the gap that most training data assumes single‑turn queries. It uses a four‑dimensional persona space, SOUL‑driven behavioral control calibrated to real‑user statistics, and Reverse Deep Construction from authentic seed queries to create a 6.3K‑record training set and a 138‑task benchmark called PersonaForge‑Bench across 20 professional domains. Experiments with Qwen3.5‑27B show that training with PersonaForge improves composite scores by 4.1%, especially in Task Completion (+6.0%) and Response Quality (+6.8%), while also reducing turns and tool calls, indicating more efficient interactions.
arXiv:2607. 27816v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Role-playing agents (RPAs) have become one of the most important consumer applications of large language models.
The paper introduces TRACER, a multi‑turn user simulator that models evolving user intent and aligns simulated behavior with real interaction trajectories. TRACER is trained first with supervised fine‑tuning on real dialogues and then with reinforcement learning that uses hierarchical outcome‑ and trajectory‑level rewards to address reward sparsity and credit assignment. In real customer‑service sessions, TRACER‑7B outperforms the best baseline by 11.4 conversion F1, achieves the lowest group‑level conversion‑rate error and semantic trajectory distance, and generalizes to out‑of‑distribution scenarios, while human Turing tests show its conversations appear natural. The authors also present the Dynamic Marketing Benchmark, which evaluates both persuasion effectiveness and response quality of large language models through simulated interactions, demonstrating that higher response quality does not always lead to higher conversion rates.
arXiv:2606. 29957v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Most coding-agent benchmarks are static: an agent receives a complete task description up front and is judged only by its final code.
The paper introduces Test-Time Adaptation through Human‑Agent Interaction (TAHI), a method that uses iterative human feedback to adapt AI agents to individual users’ criteria. By integrating cross‑session interaction data into agent context and weights, and building an evolving rubric module, the authors demonstrate that agents can improve task success by 4.5–20.9% after only a few interactions. The evolving rubric also serves as a scalable annotation tool, detecting 16.0–22.3% more failures than language models or humans alone, and personalized agents can even generalize improvements up to 8.8% across users.
arXiv:2608. 12253v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multi-agent reinforcement learning for human-AI interaction typically relies on a single large language model to simulate user behavior.
arXiv:2609.22607v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We argue here that the current dominant practice in LLM human simulation: prompting instruction-tuned assistant language models to role-play personas,...
arXiv:2609.38043v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Interactive agent benchmarks and multi-turn reinforcement learning increasingly place a second language model in the role of the user. This simulated u...
arXiv:2606. 14199v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models are increasingly deployed as human simulators for interactive evaluation and social simulation.
arXiv:2609.00608v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: LLM-based user simulators are increasingly used to evaluate autonomous agents at scale, in place of costly human evaluations. Despite this promise, the...
arXiv:2609.01257v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As LLM-based human simulators are increasingly used for policy, evaluation, and training, they must faithfully reproduce real behavioral patterns. Whil...