Scaling pre-training, post-training, and test-time compute have become the central paradigms for improving the capabilities of LLMs. In this work, we identify verification, the ability to determine the correctness of a solution, as a new scaling axis.
arXiv:2607. 29549v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models have demonstrated strong mathematical problem-solving capabilities, yet reliably verifying their candidate answers remains challenging.
By Rui Zou, Yutao Zhu, Mengqi Wei, Ji-Rong Wen
arXiv:2603. 00077v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Rubric-based LLM judges have become indispensable for evaluating and optimizing systems on non-verifiable tasks, where success cannot be reduced to exact programmatic checks.
By Delip Rao, Chris Callison-Burch
arXiv:2608. 00326v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Tool calling allows large language models (LLMs) to invoke external computation during problem solving, a useful capability in various fields including AI for mathematics.
By Bohan Chen, Shivam N. Patel, Richard Hoffmann, Sam Looi, Tony Yue Yu
arXiv:2607. 28037v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As LLM-based agents are deployed in complex, multi-step workflows, a critical evaluation gap has emerged: most existing benchmarks judge only final outcomes, unable to distinguish reliable reasoning from lucky success or attribute failures to specific process deficiencies, hindering attribution in long-horizon tasks.
By Xingjian Wu, Xuhang Zhu, Xingchen Liu, Junlin Liu, Jianing Wang, Linsen Guo, Xiaoyu Li, Xuezhi Cao, Xunliang Cai
arXiv:2606. 09118v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As LLM capabilities advance rapidly, the evaluation methods used to assess them increasingly lag behind.
By Sushant Mehta, Liudas Panavas, Edwin Chen
arXiv:2608. 09898v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Test-time scaling often uses an external verifier, such as compilers and test cases in coding or trained value functions in robotics applications, to obtain high-quality rollouts.
By Lecheng Kong, Like Hui, Haitao Mao, Jun Huan
arXiv:2607. 23124v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language model agents have advanced rapidly, yet progress remains fragmented across domains, capabilities, task difficulty, and interaction settings.
By Hao Jiang, Gangtao Xin, Yingdi Huang, Guojie Zhu, Jiangshan Zhang, Xinyuan Lin, Yunkun Xu, Chengyu Shen, Wenlong Fei, Jiawei Li, Yujie Fu, Sichen Kang, Tingyu Xie, Yedi Hu, Jingren Zhang, Hongcheng Gao, Jianshu Zeng, Chong Chen, Chang Guo, Chao Feng, Feng Wang, Fulin Lin, Jinchao Ma, Lang Mei, Li Huang, Liyan Liu, Qing He, Shuting Tao, Siyu Mo, Xiangnan Chen, Xiaohan Yu, Xiaoyang Li, Yanheng Hou, Yanyu Wu, Zhihan Yang, Wentao Zhang, Yang Gao, Zhao Cao
arXiv:2606. 08850v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Inference-Time Scaling (ITS) has largely succeeded in verifiable domains like math and coding, where cheap verification enables scalable output selection.
By Giorgio Giannone, Mustafa Eyceoz, Shabana Baig, Shivchander Sudalairaj, Anna C. Doris, Faez Ahmed, Akash Srivastava, Kai Xu
arXiv:2607. 28609v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Computer-using agents (CUAs) are advancing rapidly across the digital world.
By Qiushi Sun, Kanzhi Cheng, Yian Wang, Bowen Yang, Hang Yan, Liheng Chen, Fangzhi Xu, Zichen Ding, Nuo Chen, Jialin Cao, Xingdong Gong, Zehao Li, Kaiming Jin, Xinfeng Yuan, Zhoumianze Liu, Jingyang Gong, Zhangyue Yin, Jiahui Gao, Zhiyong Wu, Tianbao Xie, Jianbing Zhang, Ben Kao, Lingpeng Kong
arXiv:2606. 14211v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: LLMs are increasingly deployed as agents that interact with external environments and observe feedback such as execution results, error messages, and tool outputs.
By Yinglun Zhu
arXiv:2504. 04718v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that test-time compute scaling effectively improves the performance of small language models (sLMs).
By Minki Kang, Jongwon Jeong, Jaewoong Cho