Power‑SMC is a training‑free sampling method that targets the sequence‑level power distribution used to sharpen large language model outputs for reasoning tasks. It maintains multiple candidate sequences, assigns importance weights based on how well each matches the power distribution, and periodically prunes low‑scoring candidates to keep inference latency close to standard decoding. Experiments on MATH500, GSM8K, GPQA, and HumanEval show that Power‑SMC matches or surpasses Metropolis–Hastings sampling in accuracy, preserves output diversity, and can accelerate inference speed by up to 17.6×.
By Seyedarmin Azizi, Erfan Baghaei Potraghloo, Minoo Ahmadi, Souvik Kundu, Massoud Pedram
arXiv:2609.38104v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Power-sharpened sampling is an inference-time alternative to reinforcement-learning (RL) post-training for enhancing reasoning in large language models...
By Panagiotis Theodoropoulos, Nan Jiang, Xintong Duan, Ali Hasan, Yuriy Nevmyvaka, Evangelos A. Theodorou, Wei Deng
arXiv:2606. 09926v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Sampling from the sequence-level power distribution $p^\alpha$ elicits RL-level reasoning from base language models without any parameter updates, but the standard Metropolis--Hastings (MH), a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler, is both expensive and slow-mixing.
By Hong Guo, Nianhui Guo, Christoph Meinel, Haojin Yang
arXiv:2605.30327v2 Announce Type: replace-cross
Abstract: Frontier reasoning models are produced by post-training base language models with reinforcement learning. Recent work has challenged this by...
By Felix Zhou, Anay Mehrotra, Quanquan C. Liu
arXiv:2510. 14807v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We revisit exploration collapse in reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), from the perspective of the \emph{candidate distribution} for next-token prediction.
By Ruotian Peng, Yi Ren, Zhouliang Yu, Weiyang Liu, Yandong Wen
The paper investigates how reinforcement learning post‑training of large language models (LLMs) tends to sharpen existing behaviors, improving single‑shot accuracy but reducing solution coverage. It shows that pre‑trained LLMs, when paired with a lightweight inference harness, can outperform post‑trained models in coverage for agentic tasks that require multi‑turn tool use. The authors introduce the Sharpening Tax metric to quantify this trade‑off, analyze its prevalence across 14 model pairs and 42 benchmark cases, and propose a Bayesian sampler, PTGS, that mitigates the tax by adapting sampling temperature to prompt difficulty.
By Changdae Oh, Qi Zeng, Qi Qi, Andrey Zhmoginov, Deren Lei, Yun He, Hoang Phan, Hangoo Kang, Azalia Mirhoseini, Sharon Li
arXiv:2608.23830v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: RL has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the instruction following capabilities of LLMs. While existing training recipes achieve substanti...
By Mian Zhang, Yueqin Yin, Kaiyu He, Peilin Wu, Xinlu Zhang, Mingyuan Zhou, Zhiyu Zoey Chen
arXiv:2608. 14420v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Power Sampling sharpens a language model's distribution over complete generation trajectories, offering a verifier-free way to improve reasoning at inference time.
By Haohui Yang, Jiaxing Sun, Xiujun Ma
arXiv:2607. 26253v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is bottlenecked by rollout generation, yet many sampled prompts produce saturated groups (all responses correct or all incorrect) whose zero reward variance yields no policy-gradient signal.
By Pixel Nomand, Elena Voss, Marcus Hale, Sofia Reyes
arXiv:2609.13443v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: We demonstrate that training LLMs with RL does not improve performance equally across a dataset. RL shows large improvements on easy problems that an...
By Michael Noukhovitch, Hamish Ivison, Nathan Lambert, Aaron Courville
arXiv:2607. 09693v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reinforcement learning (RL) has become the dominant paradigm for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models, but it requires expensive training, curated data, and reward signals.
By Zibin Meng, Peng Xie, Kani Chen
arXiv:2610.08563v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Sequence-level power sampling has recently emerged as a training-free approach to reasoning by sampling from a sharpened output distribution of a base...
By Bingnan Xiao, Chenhao Yang, Bingcong Li, Wei Ni, Xin Wang