Should you replace your text-embedding pipeline with a large language model? We answer this with a controlled, cost-aware comparison of ten LLMs across six families and 26 embedding models (118M to 14B parameters) on 37 tasks spanning classification, semantic textual similarity (STS), clustering, pair classification, and retrieval.
arXiv:2607. 23507v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Choosing the right text embedding model is one of the most consequential -- and most frequently under-examined -- decisions in building a retrieval or search system, yet the model that tops a leaderboard is rarely the best choice for a given deployment.
arXiv:2605. 11374v5 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Test-time compute is widely believed to benefit only large reasoning models, leaving small models with nothing to gain.
arXiv:2512. 10092v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Analyzing large-scale text corpora is a core challenge in machine learning, crucial for tasks like identifying undesirable model behaviors or biases in training data.
arXiv:2608. 17632v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) can both expand underspecified queries and encode text as dense representations, suggesting a unified model for query expansion and retrieval.
arXiv:2606. 29532v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Integrating unstructured data into relational database systems is increasingly important as demand grows for natural language querying and analysis.
arXiv:2510. 20535v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Recent techniques such as retrieval-augmented generation or chain-of-thought reasoning have led to longer contexts and increased inference costs.
arXiv:2608. 09351v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Test-time scaling improves LLM accuracy but multiplies inference cost, making the accuracy gained per unit of compute the metric that matters in deployment.
arXiv:2605. 02950v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Transformer-based semantic encoders are effective for retrieval, but in many deployments the recurring bottleneck is online query encoding rather than offline corpus indexing.
arXiv:2511. 05722v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-5 and Gemini 3 have pushed the frontier of automated reasoning and code generation.
Protein language models (PLMs) have transferred the latest advances from natural language processing to computational biology. These models, trained on large corpora of protein sequence data, are widely used to translate amino acid sequences into latent-space embeddings, ready for use in diverse downstream tasks (DTs).
arXiv:2608. 12090v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Protein language models (PLMs) have transferred the latest advances from natural language processing to computational biology.
arXiv:2607. 04071v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Portuguese remains underrepresented in text embedding evaluation, despite being one of the most widely spoken languages in the world.