arXiv AI By Muhammad Salar Khan, Hamza Umer, Hasan Mahmud, Sandra Rothenberg

When Personalization Becomes Bias: Structural and Discursive Religious Framing in AI-Generated Financial Advice

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The study examines how large language models (ChatGPT, Gemini, and Grok) embed religious bias in AI‑generated financial advice. Using 432 simulated advisor‑client interactions across four religious identities and three financial decisions, the authors find that only 12‑18% of advice is unbiased, with Gemini showing the most bias and ChatGPT comparable to Grok. The research identifies structural biases in model design and discursive mechanisms—such as religious anchoring and tone modulation—that vary by scenario, revealing a tension between personalization and neutrality in AI advisory services.

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